Mutant Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells harboring a nondegradable version of Securin have major cell cycle defects: they get arrested in the metaphase of cell cycle, which is due to breaking down of Securin.
Mutant Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells that are deficient in the Securin gene can divide by mitosis with only minor chromosomal segregation flaws. Yet, as they are unable to activate separate to enter anaphase, cells containing a nondegradable form of Securin naturally arrest in metaphase.
These cells would, as anticipated, arrest in the metaphase.The cohesin proteins that hold sister chromatids together are broken down by the enzyme separase, which is inhibited by the protein Securin. Sister chromatids can separate and travel to opposing poles of the cell when Securin is destroyed by the anaphase-promoting complex (APC), which activates separase and causes it to cleave cohesin proteins. Cell cycle arrest in metaphase results from this.To know more about Securin, refer:
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Refined grains have four vitamins and one mineral added back to them after processing. What is the name for this process?
a. Rolling
b. Fortification
c. Enrichment
d. Regulating
Fortification is the name for the process of adding back four vitamins and one mineral to refined grains after processing.
This is done to replace some of the nutrients that are lost during processing. The nutrients that are commonly added back to refined grains include thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, folic acid, and iron.
Fortification is a way of improving the nutritional quality of refined grains and reducing the risk of nutrient deficiencies. It is important to note that fortified foods should not be seen as a replacement for a healthy and balanced diet.
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BRAINLIEST + 100PTS!!!!! NEED ASAP.
SEE IMAGE.
Option A is the correct answer.
A small increase in temperature can increase percentage of extinctions on earth.
As the graph shows, there is a positive correlation between predicted percent extinctions and pre-industrial temperature rise. This means that even small increases in temperature can lead to an increase in the percentage of extinctions on Earth.
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when the parasympathetic activity to the heart increases? question 10 options: postganglionic neurons release acetylcholine, which binds to nicotinic cholinergic receptors in the sa node. the rate of spontaneous depolarization in sa nodal cells is not affected. sa nodal cells are depolarized. the rate of spontaneous depolarization in sa nodal cells decreases. the rate of spontaneous depolarization in sa nodal cells increases..
When the parasympathetic activity to the heart increases, option A: postganglionic neurons release acetylcholine, which binds to nicotinic cholinergic receptors in the SA node.
Acetylcholine, which binds to nicotinic cholinergic receptors in the SA node, is released by postganglionic neurons in response to an increase in parasympathetic activity to the heart. The SA nodal cells become hyperpolarized as a result of an increase in potassium conductance and a decrease in calcium conductance. As a result, SA nodal cells' rate of spontaneous depolarization declines.
A component of the involuntary nervous system, the parasympathetic nervous system slows the heart rate, stimulates the glands and intestines, and relaxes the sphincter muscles. The autonomic nervous system is made up of the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.
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Correct question:
when the parasympathetic activity to the heart increases? options:
postganglionic neurons release acetylcholine, which binds to nicotinic cholinergic receptors in the SA node.
the rate of spontaneous depolarization in SA nodal cells is not affected.
SA nodal cells are depolarized. the rate of spontaneous depolarization in SA nodal cells decreases.
the rate of spontaneous depolarization in sa nodal cells increases..
A small forest stood on the edge of an expanding city. In the middle of the forest was a large pond, which arose from a natural spring. As the city expanded, the forest was cut down, the pond drained, and the area paved over for a mall and office buildings. After five years, the average humidity of the area seemed to have decreased. Use your knowledge of the water cycle to interpreting this observation.
The local water cycle was probably disturbed by the clearing of the forest and emptying of the pond, which reduced humidity in the region. In a process known as transpiration.
Trees extract water from the soil through their roots and release it into the atmosphere. The air becomes more moist as a result, raising the humidity levels. Moreover, by evaporating water, the pond would have increased the relative humidity in the area.
There would be fewer sources of moisture in the area without the forest and pond, and less water would be lost to evaporation and transpiration. The area's humidity is likely to have dropped as a result. This could have a variety of negative effects on the surrounding ecosystem, including having an effect on plant and animal life and possibly causing problems like drought or soil erosion.
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what does the biological species concept use as the primary criterion for determining species boundaries? ecological niches niche differences reproductive isolation morphological similarity geographic isolation
The biological species concept use as the primary criterion for determining species boundaries is reproductive isolation.
The biological species concept is a widely used concept in biology to define a species. According to this concept, a species is defined as a group of individuals that can interbreed with each other and produce viable offspring under natural conditions.
The biological species concept holds that species represent distinct evolutionary lines and that reproductive isolation is a key factor in maintaining these lines.
Reproductive isolation can result from a variety of mechanisms, including geographic isolation, ecological specialization, and behavioral differences. The differences can become large enough that interbreeding between populations is no longer feasible.
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jill is rh negative. her first baby was rh negative. she is pregnant again, but the baby is rh positive. without medical treatment, will jill make antibodies that may attack the baby's blood?
Yes, if Jill's blood comes in contact with the Rh-positive blood of her developing baby during pregnancy or childbirth, her body may produce antibodies against the Rh factor, a protein found on the surface of red blood cells.
This can occur because Jill is Rh-negative and her baby is Rh-positive, which means that the baby's blood cells may enter Jill's bloodstream during delivery or if there is any bleeding during the pregnancy.
The production of Rh antibodies by Jill's immune system can lead to a condition known as Rh incompatibility or Rh disease. These antibodies can cross the placenta and attack the baby's red blood cells, leading to hemolytic anemia (destruction of red blood cells) and potentially causing serious complications such as jaundice, brain damage, and even death.
To prevent this, Jill can receive a medication called Rh immunoglobulin (RhIg) during her pregnancy and after delivery. RhIg works by preventing Jill's immune system from recognizing the Rh factor on her baby's red blood cells and producing antibodies against them. This treatment is highly effective in preventing Rh disease and is a routine part of prenatal care for Rh-negative women who are carrying an Rh-positive baby.
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hich factor most likely caused animals and plants in india to differ greatly from species in nearby southeast asia?
The factor like India was a separate continent until 45 million years ago. most likely caused animals and plants in India to differ greatly from species in nearby southeast Asia.
India has previously split from Asia in the past, but this time it is not in the process of doing so.
As a result, the assertion is untrue. India formerly included a continent. It is referred to as Gondwanaland by palaeogeographers and is understood to have broken away from an earlier supercontinent. The name comes from Gondwanan, a forested area in central India. A tectonic plate between India and Madagascar started to move out when the supercontinent split up.
India split apart from Asia a long time ago, which caused speciation between the two.
As a result, the assertion is accurate.
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Complete question - Which factor most likely caused animals and plants in India to differ greatly from species in nearby southeast Asia?
(A) The species became separated by convergent evolution.
(B) The climates of the two regions are similar.
(C) India is in the process of separating from the rest of Asia.
(D) India was a separate continent until 45 million years ago.
studies on human aging have shown that the levels of coenzyme q10 (ubiquinone), measured in tissues such as heart muscle, are significantly lower in individuals over 70 years old than in younger individuals. this lower level is associated with significantly reduced contractile force of their heart muscle. which is the most likely explanation for the reduced heart muscle function in these older individuals?
The most likely explanation for the reduced heart muscle function in older individuals is coenzyme Q10 is an electron carrier in the electron transport chain in mitochondria; lower levels of it will result in less ATP being made by mitochondria during cellular respiration (option B).
Coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone) is а criticаl component of the electron trаnsport chаin аnd plаys а vitаl role in the production of АTP (аdenosine triphosphаte), which is the mаin energy source for the heаrt muscle. The levels of coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone) meаsured in tissues such аs heаrt muscle аre significаntly lower in individuаls over 70 yeаrs old thаn in younger individuаls. This lower level is аssociаted with significаntly reduced contrаctile force of their heаrt muscle, which is most likely due to а decreаse in the production of АTP.
Your question is incomplete, but most probably your options were
A) Coenzyme Q10 is a lipid found in brown fat; brown fat is a major source of energy for all tissues in the body.
B) Coenzyme Q10 is an electron carrier in the electron transport chain in mitochondria; lower levels of it will result in less ATP being made by mitochondria during cellular respiration.
C) Coenzyme Q10 is used in cleaving a 6-carbon sugar into two 3-carbon sugars during glycolysis; lower levels of it will result in lower amounts of ATP being produced.
D) Coenzyme Q10 is used to convert pyruvate to acetyl CoA; lower levels of it will result in a less efficient citric acid cycle, which will slow down the production of ATP.
E) Coenzyme Q10 is an uncoupling protein found in mitochondria; lower levels of it will result in less efficient mitochondria.
Thus, the correct option is B.
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plasma angiotensin ii levels would be higher when mean arterial blood pressure is blank .multiple choice question.
Plasma concentrations of angiotensin II will be higher when mean arterial pressure is low.
Angiotensin II is a hormone involved in the regulation of blood pressure. It is made from angiotensin I by the action of an enzyme called ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme). The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) activated, leading to increased production of angiotensin.
Angiotensin II has several effects in the body, including vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels), which increases blood pressure. It also stimulates the release of aldosterone, which promotes sodium retention resulting in increased blood volume and blood pressure.
Therefore, when mean arterial blood pressure is low, plasma angiotensin II concentrations will be higher in an attempt to increase blood pressure and restore hemodynamics to normal.
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Complete question
plasma angiotensin ii levels would be higher when mean arterial blood pressure is ________.
a. low
b. high
c. constant
which biogeochemical cycle can be influenced by human activity and cause eutrophication of a local water supply?
The nitrogen cycle, which is responsible for the eutrophication of a local water supply, can be influenced by human activity. The correct answer is -the nitrogen cycle.
The utilization of phosphorus fertilizers excessively or carelessly causes human interference with the phosphorus cycle. Eutrophication is the result of an increase in phosphorus pollution in water bodies as a result. Eutrophication destroys water environments by prompting anoxic circumstances.
Human exercises hugely affect the carbon cycle. Changes in land use, the burning of fossil fuels, and the use of limestone in concrete all contribute significantly to the emission of carbon into the atmosphere.
Nitrogen from fertilizers seeps into soils, frequently fostering conditions that encourage weed growth over native plant development. The nitrogen then washes into streams, causing an excess of supplements, a circumstance called eutrophication.
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Q- Which of the following biochemical cycles can be influenced by human activity and cause the eutrophication of a local water supply?
-water cycle
-nitrogen cycle
-carbon cycle
-oxygen cycle
Please help ASAP; Science Experiment on Species Observations - Spend two hours at your outdoor site of choice. Write down 12 observations at 10 minute intervals. Be sure to focus on ONE species and only make observations - describe what you see the species doing. Be sure to include five pictures for photographic documentation.
(Can you do based on a chicken since I need photographs and I have them in my backyard I just haven’t had the time please help me out)
Answer:
Instructions:
Choose a site where you can observe a single species for at least two hours. This can be a park, a nature trail, or any outdoor area where the species of interest is present.
Set a timer for 10-minute intervals. Every time the timer goes off, make one observation about the species you are observing. Write down the time and date of each observation.
Focus on describing what the species is doing. For example, are they eating, sleeping, playing, or interacting with other members of their species?
Do not make assumptions about the species' behavior or motivations. Stick to observations that you can see and document.
Take pictures at regular intervals to document your observations. Make sure the pictures are clear and show the species clearly.
After two hours, review your observations and pictures. Look for patterns or trends in the species' behavior. What did you learn about the species during your observations?
imagine you are able to watch dna replication under a microscope in a mutant strain of bacteria. the parental strands appear to unwind and separate, but then they immediately join back together before any new dna can be synthesized. what protein is missing or defective in this bacterial strain?
If the parental strands of DNA appear to unwind and separate, but then immediately join back together before any new DNA can be synthesized, it is likely that the bacterial strain is missing or has a defective helicase protein.
The protein that is likely missing or defective in this bacterial strain is DNA helicase. Helicase is responsible for unwinding the double-stranded DNA into single strands so that they can serve as templates for the synthesis of new DNA strands.
Without functional helicase, the DNA replication process would be disrupted, and the parental strands would not be able to separate properly to synthesize new strands.
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How are Photosynthesis and Cellular respiration” complementary” (related)?
Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are complementary metabolic processes.
Photosynthesis is the process through which plants convert carbon dioxide, water, and sunshine into oxygen and sugar-based energy.
Cellular respiration is the process by which living things mix oxygen with food molecules, directing the chemical energy contained in these molecules toward life-sustaining processes while expelling waste materials, carbon dioxide, and water.
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are related:
Glucose produced by photosynthesis is converted into ATP during cellular respiration.The carbon dioxide utilized in photosynthesis is subsequently created from the glucose.Cells can release and store energy with its aid.It keeps the ratio of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere stable.To learn more about cellular respiration,
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which lymph nodes are highlighted? which lymph nodes are highlighted? aortic cervical axillary thoracic
Answer:
Can't see the "highlighted part" so I'mma take a shot in the dark and say Cervical and Thoracic
Explanation:
Axillary lymph nodes are highlighted. Option 3 is correct.
Axillary lymph nodes are a group of lymph nodes located in the armpit region. They are a part of the lymphatic system, which plays a vital role in maintaining the body's immune system. The lymphatic system is responsible for producing and transporting lymph, a clear fluid that contains white blood cells, around the body. The lymphatic vessels carry lymph through lymph nodes, which filter and purify it before returning it to the bloodstream.
The axillary lymph nodes are important because they drain lymph from the upper limbs, chest, and breast. They act as a checkpoint for the lymphatic system, filtering out harmful substances and infectious agents before they can enter the bloodstream. They also play a critical role in the body's immune response to infections and other diseases. Hence Option 3 is correct.
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compared to conventional methods, commercial modifications of antimicrobial susceptibility testing offer what advantages?
Commercial modifications of antimicrobial susceptibility testing offer several advantages over conventional methods is speed.
First, they are often faster and more effective, allowing rapid identification of bacterial pathogens and the determination of appropriate antibiotic therapy. This can be especially important in critical care settings when time is high.
Second, commercial modifications of antibiotic susceptibility testing often offer greater accuracy and reliability than conventional methods. They can use more advanced technologies, such as automated systems or molecular analysis, to detect and identify bacterial pathogens.
Finally, commercial modifications of antibiotic susceptibility testing can provide more flexible and customized options, allowing tailored testing procedures that can take into account the specific needs of the patient.
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Coral reefs are one of the most valuable ecosystems on
Earth. Use at least two pieces of evidence from the text to
support your answer.
Coral reefs are an important source of income for millions of people, as well as an important home for marine life and a barrier against the effects of large waves for coastal communities.
Why are coral ecosystems crucial, then?Coral reefs support local economies, provide opportunities for recreation, and act as a barrier for erosion & storm damage. Also, it is a source of nutritious food and medicine. Reefs are essential for the safety, livelihood, and nourishment of more over 500 million people.
What function do coral reefs provide in the natural world?Coral reefs are an important source of income for millions of people, as well as an important home for marine life and a barrier against the effects of large waves for coastal communities. Coral reefs are abundant with diverse life.
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What is the name for different forms of a gene?
Earlobes can be either attached or detached. The allele for attached earlobes is recessive (e), and the allele for detached earlobes is dominant (E). What must be true if a boy is born with detached earlobes?
Alleles are different variations of a Gene.
What names do the various gene types go by?A gene's variations are referred to as alleles, which are pronounced "AL-eels." Your chromosomes contain two versions of a gene that affect how your cells function. A gene pair's two alleles are passed, one from each parent.
Why are distinct variations of the same DNA referred to as alleles?More precisely, each gene is present in two copies, one from each parent, at a specific locus (location on a chromosome). However, the duplicates are not always the same. Gene copies that vary from one another are referred to as alleles.
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in the medical laboratory organizational chart, phlebotomists are placed under the oversight of the:
The position of phlebotomists in the medical laboratory organizational chart is under the oversight of: (3) Specimen Procurement Supervisor.
Phlebotomists are persons involved with the work of phlebotomy. It is the process of puncturing the arm for drawing blood out of the body using a cannula. Therefore these are placed under specimen procurement supervisor as this is the process of specimen collection.
Medical laboratory is the area where tests of the clinical specimens are conducted. These tests determine the diagnosis, situation and specific treatment of the patients. Tests related to all the complex diseases like diabetes, cancer, heart diseases are conducted in medical laboratory.
Therefore the correct answer is option 3.
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The given question is incomplete, the complete question is:
In the medical laboratory organizational chart, phlebotomists are placed under the oversight of the:
Clinical Chemistry Section SupervisorMicrobiology Section SupervisorSpecimen Procurement Supervisorhematology Section Supervisorwhat would be the consequence if 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate dissociated from the active site of the enzyme?
If 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate dissociated from the active site of the enzyme, option D: the enzyme would be inactivated until 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate enters the active site again.
Because 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) binds to a specific point in the chain of hemoglobin (Hb) and alters the balance of the molecule's so-called T and R conformations. Hemoglobin's oxygen affinity would rise if 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate dissociated from the enzyme's active site.
Hb would therefore interact with oxygen more readily but dissociate from it less readily if it dissociates from the enzyme's active site. Active site of the enzyme is where a chemical or any compound binds, generally referred to as substratum.
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Complete question:
What would be the consequence if 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate dissociated from the active site of the enzyme? Choose one:
A. The reaction could proceed in either direction, depending on whether 3-phosphoglycerate or 2- phosphoglycerate enters the active site first.
B. 2-phosphoglycerate would then be able to bind to the active site, and the reaction would reverse, forming 3- phosphoglycerate.
C. A new molecule of 3-phosphoglycerate would bind and the reaction would resume.
D. The enzyme would be inactivated until 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate enters the active site again.
Imagine you are an oxygen molecule which has been breathed in by a person carrying out rigorous exercise, produce a piece of creative writing to describe the journey of this oxygen molecule.
As an oxygen molecule, for a brief moment, I am part of the person's body, helping them to achieve their goal. It is a rush like no other, an adventure that I will always remember. As the person exhales, I am released back into the world, ready to start my journey anew.
What is the path of an oxygen molecule after exercise?As I, an oxygen molecule, being breathed in by a person engaging in rigorous exercise, I am thrust into an adventure like no other. My journey begins as I am inhaled through the person's nostrils and into their lungs. The air is warm and humid, and I can feel the rush of air as it propels me deeper into the person's respiratory system.
As I travel down the bronchial tubes, I am surrounded by a sea of other oxygen molecules, all eager to reach our final destination. The person's body is working hard, and I can feel the excitement building within me as I approach the alveoli.
Suddenly, I find myself surrounded by a vast network of tiny air sacs, each one pulsing with activity. Without hesitation, I diffuse through the thin walls of the alveoli and enter the person's bloodstream. I am swept away by the flow of blood, coursing through the person's veins and arteries, and carried towards my ultimate destination.
As the person's muscles work harder and harder, I feel the pace of my journey quicken. I am driven forward by the energy of the person's body, propelled toward the muscles that need me most. Finally, I reach my destination, and I am absorbed by the muscle cells, providing them with the oxygen they need to keep moving.
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Which person will get more UV light, people with high pigmentation rather than low pigmentation on a cell?
Answer:
People with low pigmentation will get more UV light than those with high pigmentation. This is because melanin, the pigment responsible for skin color, acts as a natural sunscreen and absorbs UV radiation. Therefore, people with more melanin have a natural protection against UV radiation, whereas those with less melanin are more susceptible to the harmful effects of UV radiation. However, it is still important for people with high pigmentation to protect their skin from the sun by wearing sunscreen and protective clothing.
Use the food web below. Which of the following would be an example of a producer?
Question 1 options:
Termite
Acacia Tree
Tawny Eagle
Grasshopper
unchecked by resource limitation, the process of reproduction (self replication) leads to what type of population growth pattern? extinction exponential declining steady (no growth) linear
When unchecked by resource limitation, the process of reproduction (self-replication) leads to exponential population growth.
The correct option is exponential.
Exponential growth occurs when a population's size increases at a constant rate over time, with each new generation being larger than the previous one. This is because individuals reproduce without any constraints, such as limited food, space, or other resources, leading to an ever-growing number of offspring.
In exponential growth, the population size doubles during a fixed time period, resulting in a rapid increase in numbers. This pattern is often observed in nature when a species is introduced into a new environment with abundant resources and few competitors or predators.
However, it is important to note that exponential growth cannot continue indefinitely. Eventually, resources become scarce, and factors such as competition, predation, and disease will limit population growth. At this point, the population may reach a steady state, where growth and decline rates are balanced, or it may experience a decline if the carrying capacity of the environment is exceeded.
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what is cell division
Answer:
ell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells.
Explanation:
There are two main types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis. In mitosis, the parent cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells, which are exact copies of the original cell. Mitosis is involved in the growth, development, and repair of tissues in plants and animals. In meiosis, the parent cell divides into four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell. Meiosis is involved in the production of sex cells (sperm and eggs) in animals and plants. Cell division is an essential process for the survival and reproduction of living organisms.
Answer:
Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two daughter cells. Cell division usually occurs as part of a larger cell cycle in which the cell grows and replicates its chromosome before dividing.
COLLABORATE: Write your answers to the following questions about the image in Figure 2. Compare yours answers with a partner, and write down any new information that you had not previously recorded.
1. What patterns do you observe?
2. How many chromosomes do human body cells have?
3. What differences do you see among the different pairs of chromosomes and the chromosomes within a pair?
Explanation:
The patterns observed in the image are the distinct shapes and sizes of the chromosomes, the pairing of chromosomes, and the arrangement of the chromosomes in a specific order.
Human body cells have 46 chromosomes, which are arranged in 23 pairs.
The differences observed among the different pairs of chromosomes and the chromosomes within a pair are their size, shape, and banding pattern. The chromosomes are paired based on their size, shape, and banding pattern, with one chromosome coming from the mother and the other from the father. The sex chromosomes (X and Y) are the only pair that differ significantly in size and shape. The autosomes, or non-sex chromosomes, are arranged in pairs of similar size and shape.
Using the family in the pedigree as an example explain how the trait of hemophilia is expressed and how it passes through generations
Hemophilia is a genetic disorder that affects blood clotting. It is caused by mutations in genes that control blood clotting factors. One example of how hemophilia is expressed and passed through generations can be seen in a pedigree.
In the family pedigree example, hemophilia is expressed and passed through generations as follows:
1. Hemophilia is an X-linked recessive trait, meaning it is carried on the X chromosome and requires only one copy of the mutated gene to express the trait in males (XY). Females (XX) require two copies of the mutated gene to express the trait, making it rarer in females.
2. If the mother is a carrier of the hemophilia gene (XhX), she has a 50% chance of passing the mutated gene (Xh) to each child, regardless of their sex. If the father is unaffected (X), he will only pass the normal X chromosome (X) to his daughters and the Y chromosome (Y) to his sons.
3. If a son inherits the mutated gene (Xh) from his mother and the Y chromosome from his father (XhY), he will express the hemophilia trait.
4. If a daughter inherits the mutated gene (Xh) from her mother and the normal X chromosome from her father (XhX), she will be a carrier of the hemophilia trait but will not express it.
5. If a daughter inherits two copies of the mutated gene (XhXh), she will express the hemophilia trait, which is very rare.
6. In the family pedigree, hemophilia is passed down through generations as carriers or affected individuals continue to reproduce. By analyzing the pedigree, we can determine the probability of future generations inheriting the hemophilia trait or being carriers.
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An alligator that is just born knows to hide itself in the ground for a few weeks until it is big enough to protect itself. It was born with the ability to do this. This is an example of
an acquired trait
natural selection
an adaptation
Answer: An acquired trait
Explanation: "It was born with the ability to do this" - The alligator inherited the trait from the parent.
why is the percentage similarity in the gene always lower than the percentage similarity in the protein for each of the species? (hint: recall how a gene is expressed to produce a protein.) draw a cladogram depicting the evolutionary relationships among all five species (including humans) according to their percent similarity in the gapdh gene.
The percentage of homology in a gene is always lower because a gene undergoes many different modifications, such as alternative splicing, RNA editing, and post-translational modifications.
Code, which can lead to different protein isoforms to varying degrees. of similarity. In addition, different genes may encode proteins with similar functions or structures, so the proportion of homology in proteins may be higher due to convergent evolution.
_________________________
| ____________|____
_____|_____ | |
| | | |___ Human
____|____ | |
| |______|___ Chimpanzees
| |
__|__ |___ Gorilla
| |
Orang Gibbon
In this clone, percentage similarity in the GAPDH gene was used to determine evolutionary relationships between species. The species with the highest similarity rates are closest relatives, while those with the lowest similarity rates are more distantly related.
Based on this branching graph, humans and chimpanzees have the highest similarity rates for the GAPDH gene, followed by gorillas, orangutans, and apes. This suggests that humans, chimpanzees and gorillas are more closely related than orangutans and apes.
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See the image and answer for 20 points! :)
The eukaryotic mitochondrial dismutase is most similar to the E. coli dismutase with manganese as they share the highest number of similar amino acid sequences, 21.
How does the amino acid data support the endosymbiotic theory?The amino acid data provided support the endosymbiotic theory as it shows that the mitochondria of eukaryotes were once free-living bacteria.
c. To calculate the allele frequencies for the eukaryotic mitochondrial dismutase MnSOD we can use the following formula: allele frequency = (2 x number of homozygotes) + (number of heterozygotes) / (2 x total number of individuals).
For the 1985 population:
A allele frequency = (2 x 72) + 221 / (2 x 475) = 0.35
V allele frequency = (2 x 182) + 221 / (2 x 475) = 0.65
For the 2015 population:
A allele frequency = (2 x 98) + 235 / (2 x 512) = 0.34
V allele frequency = (2 x 179) + 235 / (2 x 512) = 0.66
We can compare the A allele frequency between the two populations to see if there was a change.
It appears that the A allele frequency slightly decreased from 0.35 to 0.34 over the 30-year period, while the V allele frequency slightly increased from 0.65 to 0.66.
d. Morphological evidence can be unreliable in constructing phylogenetic trees because morphological traits can be influenced by environmental factors and convergent evolution.
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fluorocitrate is a compound that is structurally very similar to citrate. however, it is a deadly poison, and it acts as a competitive inhibitor of an enzyme in the citric acid cycle. what enzyme does fluorocitrate inhibit?
Fluorocitrate is a potent inhibitor of the enzyme aconitase, which is a critical enzyme in the citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.
In the second step of the citric acid cycle, aconitase catalyzes the conversion of citrate to isocitrate. Fluorocitrate is structurally close to citrate enough to bind to the active site of aconitase and block its activity. The citric acid cycle is ultimately disrupted as a result, and cells are unable to produce energy through aerobic respiration. As a result, the organism may experience severe health effects, including death, and cells may go through apoptosis (programmed cell death).
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