Changing one base letter on an mRNA codon does not always change the amino acid it codes for because the genetic code is degenerate. This means that more than one codon can code for the same amino acid. For example, UUU, UUC, and UUA all code for the amino acid Phenylalanine. The mRNA codon is read in triplets, or three nucleotide bases, so a single base change in one codon does not necessarily change the amino acid it codes for.
To illustrate this further, let's consider the codons for Alanine. The codons for Alanine are GCU, GCC, GCA, and GCG. Each of these codons contains three nucleotide bases, so even if one of the bases is changed, it still codes for the same amino acid Alanine. In summary, changing one base letter on an mRNA codon does not always change the amino acid it codes for because of the degenerate nature of the genetic code.
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what is syngamy and triple fusion
Syngamy is when the male and female cell undergo a process of nuclear fusion where the chromosomes from each gamete fuse to form a large zygote cell. During this process, chromosomes from the father and those from the mother move towards each other as the nuclear envelopes of the two cells break down and fuse into one single envelope. This is the process of Syngamy and is basically what is known as a sexual reproductive process.
Syngamy is the process of fusion of two haploid gametes (commonly, sperm and egg cells) to form a diploid zygote, which is the first cell of a new organism.
Triple fusion, on the other hand, is a process of fusion of three haploid nuclei present in the cells of the male gametophyte (known as pollen grain) with the haploid nucleus of the female gametophyte during fertilization in plants. Specifically, one sperm cell fuses with the egg cell to form a zygote, while the other two sperm cells fuse with the polar nuclei to form a triploid endosperm, which nourishes the developing embryo. This process is unique to flowering plants (angiosperms) and is essential for their reproduction and proper seed development.
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1. Who bought Atgets photograph while he was alive and what did they use them for?
3. Besides photography, what else did Atget do for a living?
1. Eugene Atget sold his images to a range of customers during his lifetime, including artists, architects, and publishers.
The Museum of Decorative Arts in Paris, one of his most significant customers, bought several of his images to serve as research tools for their collections.
Henri Matisse and Pablo Picasso also drew inspiration for their works from Atget's paintings.
2. Eugene Atget supported himself by working a range of occupations in addition to photography.
Prior to pursuing photography in his late 40s, he worked as a sailor, actor, and painter.
He started off taking pictures of landscapes and buildings but later turned his attention to capturing the city of Paris and its numerous neighborhoods, including its stores, streets, and monuments.
Eugene AtgetFrench photographer Eugene Atget was born in 1857 and died in 1927. He is best renowned for his images of Paris, which both artistically and documentary portrayed the city's architecture, streets, and everyday life. Atget is regarded as one of the pioneers of contemporary photography and his work had a significant impact on its evolution. He was noted for using large-format cameras and lengthy exposure periods, and his images were distinguished by their focus on detail, composition, and atmosphere. Atget struggled financially for much of his life and only received attention later in his career, despite his talent and contributions to the industry. His images are now regarded as significant historical and artistic records of Paris in the early 20th century.
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Identify What controls the traits an organism has?
The genetic makeup of an organism, which is inherited from its parents, governs its traits. Specific traits are encoded by genes, segments of DNA, as opposed to environmental factors like diet and climate.
What controls qualities of traits?Genes are responsible for determining an animal's or plant's qualities. For instance, a child's parents may pass on their hair colour to them.
What characteristics do organisms have?All living things share a number of essential traits or abilities, such as order, environmental sensitivity or responsiveness, reproduction, growth and development, regulation, homeostasis, and energy processing. When viewed together, these eight characteristics serve to define life.
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a microbiologist notices two bacteria cells of the same species in close association with one another, with a thin projection running between them. what is likely going on there?
A microbiologist observes two bacteria cells of the same species in close proximity to each other, with a thin projection connecting them. In this case, the microbiologist may be observing a conjugation pilus, which is used by some bacteria to transfer genetic material, such as plasmids, from one cell to another.
In such situations, bacterial cells create a variety of appendages, such as fimbriae, pili, and flagella. The cells employ these structures in various ways, including sticking to other cells or surfaces, sharing genetic material, and moving through their environment.
In this situation, the thin projection between the two cells is most likely a pilus. Pili are long, thin, hair-like projections that extend from the bacterial cell surface. They are used in conjugation, the transfer of genetic material from one bacterial cell to another. This form of horizontal gene transfer can help the cells obtain new traits that can help them better adapt to their environment.
Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotic organisms, which means that they lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. They are found in almost every environment on Earth, including soil, water, and the bodies of other living beings. Some bacteria are harmful and can cause diseases, while others are beneficial and play important roles in ecological and industrial processes.
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there are certain muscle relaxants that specifically work on smooth muscle. what part of the process of stopping blood loss would be inhibited if you were unable to contract smooth muscle?
Muscle relaxants that specifically target smooth muscle inhibit the vasoconstriction process in the process of stopping blood loss.
What is muscle relaxation?A muscle relaxant is a medication that is used to relax muscle contraction. Muscle relaxants that specifically target smooth muscle cause muscle relaxation by decreasing muscle tone.
Muscle contraction is regulated by the nervous system, which is why muscle relaxants that specifically target smooth muscle are classified as either centrally acting or peripherally acting.
Centers in the spinal cord or brain stem are targeted by centrally acting muscle relaxants. Peripherally acting muscle relaxants, on the other hand, act on the muscle itself to induce relaxation.Vasoconstriction is a process that helps to prevent blood loss in case of injury. When the smooth muscle in the walls of the blood vessels contracts, the blood vessels narrow, resulting in a decrease in blood flow. If you were unable to contract smooth muscle, the vasoconstriction process in the process of stopping blood loss would be inhibited, allowing blood to flow freely out of the damaged blood vessels.
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Soil with large amounts of _____ has plenty of room for water to be absorbed.
Soil with large amounts of pores has plenty of room for water to be absorbed. Wide-open spaces in the soil make it ideal for water retention.
Soil has pore holes if it can hold air or water between its particles. Macrospores are huge pores that allow air and water to travel quickly through soil, whereas micropores are small pores that hold water.
Soil pore spaces are important for plant growth because they allow oxygen and water to penetrate the soil and also regulate how water moves through the soil.
The ability of soil to retain water is dependent on the size and connectedness of its pores, which aid in maintaining water circulation within the soil.
Wide-open spaces in the soil make it ideal for water retention. A picture of soil pores is as follows: Change the wording of the image of pores in the soil.
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a stroke affecting which area of the brain would be most likely to leave an individual's vestibular system intact and posture and balance maintained?
A stroke that affects the cerebellum of the brain is most likely to leave an individual's vestibular system intact and posture and balance maintained.
The cerebellum is a part of the brain that controls motor activity, balance, and coordination. A cerebellar stroke occurs when the blood supply to the cerebellum is cut off or reduced, causing damage to the brain tissue. A cerebellar stroke may cause the following symptoms: Lack of coordination with arms and legs. Nystagmus, or an involuntary eye movement. A loss of balance is a condition in which the individual is unable to keep their balance. Nausea and vomiting are common side effects of stroke. A headache that is severe and persistent. A decrease in hearing or ringing in the ears is common. Vertigo or dizziness are common side effects of stroke. A cerebellar stroke has a good prognosis. Rehabilitation therapy is typically successful in restoring balance and coordination to the person's motor activity. In the case of a cerebellar stroke, vestibular therapy is often used to improve balance and coordination.
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which incisors have more prominent lingual anatomy, maxillary incisors or mandibular incisors?
Maxillary incisors typically have more prominent lingual anatomy than mandibular incisors.
The maxillary incisors typically have two cusps, or points, on the lingual (tongue-side) surface of the tooth, while the mandibular incisors usually only have one cusp on the lingual surface.
This is due to a more prominent curvature on the lingual (tongue-facing) sides of the maxillary incisors, which produces a bigger lingual fossa (concavity) and lingual ridge. The lingual sides of the mandibular incisors, on the other hand, are lower and smoother.
Additionally, the maxillary incisors usually have a more rounded or ovoid shape compared to the mandibular incisors, which are typically narrower and more triangular in shape. Maxillary incisor roots are longer and more tapered than mandibular incisor roots, which adds to their more noticeable lingual anatomy.
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you love lilies, but your roommate is allergic to lily pollen. which structure should you remove to stop the production and release and pollen from a potted lily that you want to keep in your room?
The structure that should be removed to stop the production and release of pollen from a potted lily should be the stamen of the flowers.
What are stamens?To stop the production and release of pollen from a potted lily, you should remove the stamen.
The stamen is the male reproductive organ of a flower that produces and releases pollen. By removing the stamen, you eliminate the source of pollen and prevent it from being released into the air where it can cause an allergic reaction in your roommate.
However, removing the stamen may also affect the flower's ability to reproduce, so you may need to manually transfer pollen from other lilies to the stigma of the flower to ensure pollination and seed production.
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a gram-positive bacteria suddenly acquires resistance to the antibiotic methicillin. the trait most likely occured due to
A gram-positive bacteria suddenly acquire resistance to the antibiotic methicillin. The trait most likely occurred due to a mutation in the DNA that encodes a protein involved in the process of cell wall synthesis.
Conjugation is the process of bacteria exchanging genetic material with one another via direct physical contact. Bacteria, as a result of conjugation, can transfer antibiotic-resistant genes among themselves. However, the bacterium acquiring antibiotic resistance through conjugation is not an example of a Gram-positive bacterium suddenly acquiring antibiotic resistance to methicillin. Bacteria evolve in response to their environment over time. This can occur through a variety of processes, including mutations and horizontal gene transfer.
Methicillin resistance is most commonly caused by the acquisition of the mecA gene, which encodes a protein involved in the process of cell wall synthesis. The resistance results from a mutation in the DNA that encodes a protein involved in the process of cell wall synthesis. This mutation causes the bacteria to become resistant to the action of the antibiotic methicillin.
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PLEASE HELP ME WITH THIS!!
Label the parts of a typical flower.
style
ovary
egg cells
filament
stamen
anther
stigma
pistil
petal.
A bisexual flower, also known as a perfect flower, is a type of flower that contains both male and female reproductive organs. The following is a description of the cross-section of a bisexual flower:
Sepals: The outermost layer of the flower is the sepals, which are usually green in color and protect the flower during its development.Petals: Inside the sepals are the petals, which are often brightly colored and serve to attract pollinators to the flower.Stamens: The stamens are the male reproductive organs of the flower and are composed of two main parts: the filament and the anther. The filament is a long, slender stalk that supports the anther, which contains pollen sacs where pollen is produced.Pistil: The pistil is the female reproductive organ of the flower and is composed of three main parts: the stigma, style, and ovary. The stigma is the sticky, often enlarged top part of the pistil that receives pollen. The style is a long, slender stalk that connects the stigma to the ovary. The ovary is the swollen base of the pistil where the ovules, which develop into seeds upon fertilization, are produced.In a bisexual flower, both the stamen and the pistil are present, making it self-fertile. This means that the flower can produce both male and female gametes, allowing for fertilization and seed production without requiring pollination from other flowers.
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describe how darwins ideas have been updated. be sure to mention the role of natural selection in modern eveolutionary theory
Darwin's ideas about evolution were based on his observations of plants and animals.
The theory of natural selection is now seen as the cornerstone of evolutionary theory, which explains how populations evolve over time.The following are some of the ways in which Darwin's ideas have been updated:Genetics and Evolutionary Theory: Modern evolutionary theory incorporates genetics, which helps explain how new traits arise in populations and how they are passed down through generations.
The genetic variation that exists within populations provides the raw material for natural selection, which acts on these differences and allows populations to evolve over time. Molecular Biology: In the twentieth century, molecular biology allowed scientists to study the molecular basis of life, including the structure and function of DNA.
This has helped scientists understand how genetic changes occur, and how they are passed down through generations. Genetic drift, which occurs when random events cause changes in the frequency of traits within a population, is another mechanism that can drive evolutionary change.
Natural selection is still the most important mechanism driving evolutionary change, but genetic drift can also play a role. Gene Flow: Gene flow, which occurs when individuals from one population migrate into another and breed with members of that population, can also drive evolutionary change.
This can introduce new traits into a population and increase genetic variation.Natural Selection and Evolutionary Theory: Natural selection is still the most important mechanism driving evolutionary change, but it is now seen as one of several mechanisms that can act on populations.
Other mechanisms, such as genetic drift and gene flow, can also play a role. Overall, modern evolutionary theory has expanded on Darwin's ideas and has incorporated new discoveries in genetics and molecular biology to provide a more comprehensive understanding of how populations evolve over time.
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HELP ASAP
Why is it important to only have one independent variable?
Responses
Because if you are changing multiple independent variables, it would be difficult to determine which independent variable is causing the change in the dependent variable.
Because it has always been done that way.
You can have multiple independent variables.
There is no reason why.
Answer:
The correct response is: Because if you are changing multiple independent variables, it would be difficult to determine which independent variable is causing the change in the dependent variable.
primates teeth are unique because they are group of answer choices blunt. sharp. heterodont. homodont.
Primate teeth are unique because they are heterodont, meaning they have different types of teeth that are adapted for different tasks. Primates have four types of teeth: incisors, canines, premolars, and molars. The incisors are short and used for cutting and biting, the canines are longer and sharper for piercing and tearing food, the premolars are used for grinding and chewing, and the molars are larger and used for crushing and grinding food.
The incisors are usually blunt, the canines are sharp, the premolars are sharp and curved, and the molars are more flat and blunt. The uniqueness of primate teeth also lies in their homodont dentition, meaning that the teeth are generally all of the same size and shape.
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How does oil that's ingested by marine organisms move up the food web?
Answer:
through blood
Explanation:
because it's thick
when isolated chloroplasts are illuminated, there is a 103-fold ph gradient across the thylakoid membrane. what happens when the lights are turned off? group of answer choices
When isolated chloroplasts are illuminated, there is a 103-fold ph gradient across the thylakoid membrane. When light is turned off the ATP production is halted because the proton motive force (pH gradient) that drives ATP synthase stops. As a result, ATP production is inhibited.
ATP synthase can use the H+ gradient to form ATP by phosphorylating ADP. ATP production is inhibited when light is turned off. Thus, ATP synthesis requires light, as it is a light-dependent process. ATP is synthesized during photophosphorylation, which is a light-dependent process that occurs in chloroplasts. This process is powered by the proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane created by the electron transport chain during light-dependent reactions.
A group of electron carriers located in the thylakoid membrane passes electrons to reduce NADP+ to NADPH and to drive ATP synthesis. The high-energy electrons from the electron transport chain are used to pump H+ ions from the stroma to the thylakoid lumen. ATP synthase can use the H+ gradient to form ATP by phosphorylating ADP. When the lights go out, the electron transport chain stops operating, causing the proton gradient to dissipate. Consequently, the concentration of H+ ions in the lumen decreases. As a result, ATP synthase stops producing ATP. Hence, the proton gradient is necessary for ATP synthesis during photophosphorylation.
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Which option would be the best for having drinking water with less pollution?
The main cause is Water pollution.
Explanation:
Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies, usually as a result of human activities, that negatively affects its uses. It includes lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers, reservoirs and groundwater. Water pollution results when contaminants mix with these water bodies.
Safe and readily available water is important for public health, whether it is used for drinking, domestic use, food production, etc.
There are many ways you can treat or purify contaminated water while outdoors or when traveling. Boiling Water. Boiling is the surest method to kill disease
Easy Things You Can Do To Protect Drinking Water Sources:
Properly dispose of hazardous products.Use and dispose of harmful materials properly.Volunteer in your community.Join in a beach, stream, or wetland cleanup.Prepare a presentation about your watershed for a school or civic organization.To know more about water pollution:
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chives come from a plant in the onion family and have a mild onion flavor. group of answer choices true false
Answer: true
Explanation:
The given statement "chives come from a plant in the onion family and have a mild onion flavor" is True. Chives are part of the onion family and have a mild onion flavor. They are a member of the genus Allium and are related to other onion-like plants, such as garlic and shallots. Chives have a mild, oniony taste and are often used as a garnish or in salads.
Chives grow in clumps, and have long, narrow, hollow green stems with small, round, purple-pink flowers. The leaves of the chive plant have a mild onion flavor that makes them a popular garnish and ingredient in salads. Chives are also used in a variety of sauces, stews, and soups.
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one of the principal actions of the hormones produced by cells in the indicated zone of the adrenal cortex are to
The principal actions of the hormones produced by cells in the indicated zone of the adrenal cortex are to control the body's response to stress and maintain salt and water balance in the body.
The adrenal cortex is the outer layer of the adrenal gland, which produces corticosteroid hormones. The hormones produced by the cells in the adrenal cortex are involved in various functions of the body. The three distinct zones of the adrenal cortex are zona glomerulosa which produces mineralocorticoids, zona reticularis which produces androgens and small amounts of estrogen. The mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) produced in the zona glomerulosa help to maintain salt and water balance in the body. They increase the reabsorption of sodium ions and the excretion of potassium ions.
These hormones are essential for regulating blood pressure and fluid balance in the body. The glucocorticoids (cortisol) produced in the zona fasciculata are involved in the body's response to stress. They help the body to cope with stress by increasing glucose levels in the blood and suppressing the immune system. Cortisol also helps to regulate metabolism, blood pressure, and the immune system.The androgens produced in the zona reticularis are involved in the development of male and female sex organs. They also contribute to the growth of pubic and axillary hair in both males and females.
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which translational pathway would a digestive enzyme go through in order to be localized to the lumen of the gi tract organ in which it was produced?
The enzyme produced in the gastrointestinal tract organ would first go through the co-translational pathway in order to be localized to the lumen of the GI tract organ.
The co-translational pathway is a protein targeting pathway that occurs during protein synthesis in which the newly synthesized protein is transported to its final destination while still being synthesized.
Specifically, the enzyme would travel to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) where it would be translated into its active form by ribosomes.
After translation, the enzyme would be modified and transported to the Golgi apparatus where it would be further modified and finally released into the lumen of the GI tract via secretory vesicles.
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Bronchitis will lead to which of the following?
Increase in ventilation at the bronchi and bronchioles
Increase in respiration at the bronchi and bronchioles
Decrease in ventilation at the bronchi and bronchioles
Decrease in respiration at the bronchi and bronchioles
Answer:
Decrease in respiration at the bronchi and bronchioles
Explanation:
remember there is mucus that is inflaming your lungs and all of that
Parents from previous generations had their own worries at the time about raising
children. What is one concern that parents from past generations had to deal with?
Which body system in humans is the same as the dermal tissue system in plants? Nervous Integumentary Muscular Lymphatic
Integumentary body system in humans is the same as the dermal tissue system in plants
What does the integumentary system do?The epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, related glands, hair, and nails are all a part of the integumentary system. This system performs a variety of complex tasks in addition to serving as a barrier, including controlling body temperature, maintaining cell fluid, synthesising vitamin D, and detecting stimuli.
The integumentary system is a sophisticated organ that protects the body and controls several vital functions. It includes the glands that create sweat and oil as well as the skin, hair, and nails.
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when a salmon moves from the freshwater to an ocean environment, you would expect its urine volume to
When a salmon moves from the freshwater to an ocean environment, you would expect its urine volume to decrease.
As salmon migrate from freshwater to the ocean, the osmolarity of the environment that they live in changes significantly. Osmolarity refers to the number of particles that are present in a solution and how they affect water movement across membranes.
In freshwater, the osmolarity is generally lower than that of the fish's body fluids. As a result, water enters the fish's body through osmosis, and excess water is removed from the body via urine.
In comparison, the osmolarity of seawater is much greater than that of a fish's body fluids. As a result, water moves out of the fish's body through osmosis, which can lead to dehydration. To avoid dehydration in the ocean, the fish must excrete less water.
So, when a salmon moves from freshwater to an ocean environment, you would expect its urine volume to decrease.
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in recombinant dna technology, a vector is a self-replicating segment of dna, such as a plasmid or viral genome. group of answer choices true false
True. In recombinant DNA technology, a vector is a self-replicating segment of DNA, such as a plasmid or viral genome.
What is recombinant DNA technology?Recombinant DNA technology is the use of technology to cut and join genetic material, particularly DNA, from different sources, creating recombinant DNA molecules.
The basic steps in the creation of a recombinant DNA molecule are:
1. Isolation of DNA fragments from the desired gene source by restriction enzymes.
2. Use of a vector, which can be a plasmid, viral genome, or bacterial artificial chromosome, to insert the gene of interest into a new organism.
3. Screening for the successful transformation of the foreign gene into the new host's genome, as well as the verification of the protein of interest's expression.
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what 3 species of wild rice grow in the united states?
Answer: Zizania aquatic, Zizania palustris, and Zizania texana
Explanation:
Answer:
Giant, Medium Grain, and Short grain
Explanation:
Giant – Best choice for form and flavor
Medium Grain – Very tasty but not quite the quality of giant
Short Grain – lesser quality, immature seeds
how many chromosomes would be found in a llamas gametes of the llama has 74 chromosomes? how would you know
The number of chromosomes that would be found in a llama's gametes if the llama has 74 chromosomes is: 37, because gametes, which are sex cells, contain only half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
Therefore, if a llama has 74 chromosomes, its gametes will contain 37 chromosomes. This process is called meiosis, and it is the type of cell division that produces gametes. Meiosis is a complex process that consists of two rounds of cell division, resulting in four genetically different daughter cells.
During the first round of meiosis, homologous chromosomes separate, and during the second round of meiosis, sister chromatids separate, producing four haploid daughter cells with different genetic combinations. In the case of llamas, each daughter cell produced by meiosis will have 37 chromosomes.
Meiosis is an essential process in sexual reproduction because it ensures that each gamete contains a unique set of genetic information, resulting in offspring with genetic diversity. This genetic diversity is essential for evolution, allowing populations to adapt to changing environments and giving rise to new species.
Therefore, understanding the process of meiosis and the number of chromosomes in gametes is fundamental to understanding how organisms reproduce and evolve.
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human monosomics all abort before birth, with the exception of turner's syndrome (45, xo). why would you expect this monosomic to survive when other monosomics do not?
Turner's syndrome is a human monosomic that survives and does not cause abortion before birth. This is because it lacks a gene or genes that are required for male development.
Turner's syndrome is a type of monosomic, which is a chromosomal abnormality in which an individual is missing a single chromosome out of the typical 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) found in most human cells. Turner's Syndrome is a genetic condition that affects females. It is characterized by the presence of only one X chromosome rather than two. Girls with Turner syndrome are often shorter than average, and they may have heart and kidney problems, among other health issues. The symptoms of Turner's Syndrome may vary from person to person, and some females may have mild to no symptoms. Furthermore, the cause of Turner Syndrome is a random genetic mutation that occurs spontaneously rather than being inherited from parents. Because Turner Syndrome occurs only in females, it does not cause males to be born with Turner Syndrome, as they require a Y chromosome to develop male characteristics. Monosomic fetuses, on the other hand, are typically aborted before birth because the loss of a chromosome disrupts normal fetal development, resulting in fatal malformations. Turner Syndrome is unique because the X chromosome missing in Turner Syndrome is not required for female development. As a result, Turner Syndrome is the only monosomic that can survive to birth.Learn more about Turner's Syndrome: https://brainly.com/question/953084
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in addition to the normal plasmid requirements (ori, mcs, marker) what two additional sequence elements must be found in expression vectors as a whole?
In addition to the normal plasmid requirements (ori, MCS, marker), The two additional sequence elements that must be found in expression vectors as a whole are a promoter and a terminator.
To the normal plasmid requirements the other two sequence elements in expression vectors:
A promoter is a DNA sequence that initiates the transcription of a particular gene. A promoter includes regulatory elements that help control the rate of transcription of the linked gene.
Promoters are found close to the genes they regulate in DNA. Polyadenylation SignalPolyadenylation signals are short DNA sequences that signal the end of an mRNA molecule.
After transcription, the newly synthesized RNA molecule is elongated until a specific RNA sequence (the polyadenylation signal) is reached.
The newly synthesized RNA molecule is cleaved at this site and then a series of adenosine residues (poly A tail) is added to the 3′ ends. Polyadenylation plays an important role in transcriptional termination and RNA stability.
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a solution contains dna polymerase and the mg2 salts of datp, dgtp, dctp, and ttp. when added to aliquots of the solution, which of the following dna molecules would lead to dna synthesis?
The DNA molecule that would lead to DNA synthesis when added to aliquots of the solution containing DNA polymerase and the Mg2+ salts of dATP, dGTP, dCTP, and TTP is (c) A single-stranded closed circle of 1000 nucleotides base-paired to a linear strand of 500 nucleotides with a free 3' OH terminus.
The reason for this is that DNA polymerase requires a free 3' OH terminus to begin DNA synthesis.
Option (a) is a single-stranded circle and has no complementary strand for the polymerase to synthesize.
Option (b) is a double-stranded circle but lacks a free 3' OH terminus for DNA polymerase to initiate synthesis.
Option (d) is a double-stranded linear molecule, but the question does not specify the presence of a free 3' OH group.
A double-stranded closed circle containing 1000 nucleotide pairs would lead to DNA synthesis when added to aliquots of a solution containing DNA polymerase and the Mg2+ salts of dATP, dGTP, dCTP, and TTP, as it has the correct form to be acted upon by DNA polymerase.
Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer because it has both a complementary strand and a free 3' OH terminus, allowing DNA synthesis to occur.
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a solution contains dna polymerase and the mg2 salts of datp, dgtp, dctp, and ttp. when added to aliquots of the solution, which of the following dna molecules would lead to dna synthesis?
(a) A single-stranded closed circle containing 1000 nucleotide units.
(b) A double-stranded closed circle containing 1000 nucleotide pairs.
(c) A single-stranded closed circle of 1000 nucleotides base-paired to a linear strand of 500 nucleotides with a free 3'
OH terminus.
(d) A double-stranded linear molecule of 1000 nucleotide pairs with a free OH group at each end.