what is the gene density of the human genome? calculate your answer in genes per mb (mega base pairs, or 1 million base pairs).

Answer:

An observation is when you gather facts through observation, questioning, or studying. An experiment is the process of using an independent and dependent variable to test a hypothesis.

Investigation:

Benefits:

• Can be less costly and time-consuming compared to experiments

• Can provide a broader range of information

• Can lead to new hypotheses

Limitations:

• May not provide a cause-and-effect relationship

• Cannot control variables like in an experiment

• May have biased or incomplete data

Experiment:

Benefits:

• Can establish cause-and-effect relationships

• Can control variables for accurate results

• Can be replicated for reliability

Limitations:

• May not apply to real-world situations

• May be costly and time-consuming

• May not account for all variables

Microorganisms are small living organisms that can only be seen through a microscope.

The four types of human pathogens that can cause infectious disease are bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.

Diseases can spread through direct contact with an infected person, through contact with contaminated objects or surfaces, through the air, through insect bites, and through contaminated food or water.

The immune system is responsible for protecting the body from pathogens and foreign substances.

An immune response happens when cells and fluids in the body react to the presence of a pathogen.

Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that play a key role in the immune response.

T cells recognize and destroy infected cells and help coordinate the immune response. B cells produce antibodies that target specific pathogens.

Respiratory: pneumonia, tuberculosis

Digestive: cholera, E. coli infection

Nervous: meningitis, encephalitis

Circulatory: influenza, malaria

Musculoskeletal: arthritis, Lyme disease

Antibiotics are chemicals that kill bacteria or slow their growth without harming the human body.

Washing hands frequently, avoiding close contact with sick individuals, and getting vaccinated are some of the best ways to avoid getting bacterial and viral infections.

Noninfectious diseases are not caused by pathogens and cannot be spread from person to person. People can get them from genetic factors, lifestyle choices, and environmental factors.

When something is hereditary, it’s determined by genetic factors and able to be passed from parents to their offspring.

Some examples of inherited traits include eye color, hair color, and height.

Cystic fibrosis, Huntington’s disease, and sickle cell anemia are examples of genetic disorders.

Allergies, asthma, high blood pressure, and heart disease are examples of conditions caused by lifestyle or environmental factors.

Viruses are hard to treat because they use the host's cells to replicate and spread, making it difficult to target them without harming healthy cells.

Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that can be both good and bad. Some bacteria are necessary for human health, while others can cause disease.

Fungi can appear in two forms: as single cells (yeasts) or as multicellular organisms (molds).

Examples of parasites include tapeworms, malaria parasites, and lice.

Diseases can spread through direct contact, airborne particles, contaminated food or water, and insect bites.

Explanation:

06.05 Infections and Health Guided Notes

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One biochemical theory of behavior that currently has some merit is the Neurotransmitter Theory. This theory suggests that behavior is caused by an imbalance of neurotransmitters in the brain. Neurotransmitters are chemicals that act as messengers between nerve cells in the brain. According to the theory, when the correct balance of neurotransmitters is not present, it can lead to a variety of behavioral problems, such as depression, anxiety, and aggression.

Neurotransmitters can also be affected by things such as stress, drug use, and illness. It is also important to note that any chemical imbalance in the brain can have many causes, and it is important to rule out any physical causes before diagnosing a psychological problem.

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The correct statement regarding the organization of columns in the cortex is: (c). A location column can contain many orientation columns.

In the cortex, specifically the primary visual cortex (V1), neurons are organized into functional units called columns. These columns are crucial for processing visual information, such as the location and orientation of edges and lines in the visual field.

Orientation columns, on the other hand, represent the orientation of edges and lines in the visual field. These columns are organized in a way that neurons within a single column respond preferentially to a specific orientation, while neighboring columns respond to slightly different orientations.

In summary, a location column can contain many orientation columns, as the cortex is organized in such a way that allows it to process both spatial location and edge orientation information efficiently and accurately. The correct answer is c).

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Yes, denaturation would affect the function of a protein. Denaturation is a process that causes proteins to lose their shape, and hence their function. It affects the bonds between amino acids in a protein.

The denaturation of a protein involves the irreversible loss of its three-dimensional shape, resulting in the loss of function of the protein. This usually occurs when a protein is exposed to certain changes in temperature, pH, or chemical environments, such as a change in salt concentration or exposure to a denaturant (a chemical that disrupts the natural shape of a protein).

Denaturation changes the shape of a protein's active site, which is the area where the protein interacts with its substrate. Since the shape of the active site is critical to the protein's ability to bind to its substrate, denaturation can render the protein completely inactive.

Furthermore, if a protein's shape is altered significantly, it may become more susceptible to degradation by proteases (enzymes that break down proteins) and may even trigger an immune response.

To conclude, denaturation can be detrimental to a protein's function, rendering it inactive or even causing it to be broken down by the body's enzymes.

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A parent species can still exist when a new "daughter" species evolves because the process of speciation, or the formation of new species, does not necessarily require the extinction of the parent species.

A daughter species is a new species that has evolved from a parent species. The term is commonly used in the context of speciation, which is the process by which new species arise. Speciation occurs when a population of a species becomes isolated from other populations of the same species and evolves independently.

Speciation can occur in a variety of ways, but it generally involves a population of a species becoming geographically or reproductively isolated from other populations of the same species. Over time, the isolated population may accumulate genetic differences and adaptations that distinguish it from the parent population, eventually leading to the formation of a new species.

However, the parent species may still persist and continue to evolve separately from the daughter species. This can happen because the isolated population that gives rise to the daughter species may only represent a small subset of the parent species' total genetic diversity.

Alternatively, the isolated population may eventually reunite with the parent population and exchange genetic material, which can lead to continued evolution in both populations.

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Regulatory relationships where a target regulates either itself or one of its upstream regulators in a pathways is called feedback regulation.

Feedback regulation occurs when a target regulates either its own activity, or the activity of one of its upstream regulators.

For example, hormones can affect the activity of their own receptors, and thus have the ability to regulate their own production and release. This type of feedback loop is known as autoregulation.

Another example of feedback regulation is when an upstream regulator controls the activity of the target. This type of loop is known as a positive feedback loop and can amplify the response of the target.

Feedback regulation is an important process for homeostasis, which is the maintenance of the internal environment in a stable state.

Feedback regulation allows the organism to adapt to changing external environments, as it ensures that any fluctuation in the external environment will be responded to. This can involve either increasing or decreasing the activity of the target, and it is dependent on the nature of the feedback loop.

Feedback regulation is also a key component in cellular signaling. It is important for maintaining the balance of a pathway, as it allows the cell to respond to any changes in the external environment. This can involve either activating or inhibiting the pathway, depending on the type of loop.

In summary, feedback regulation is a type of regulatory relationship in which a target regulates either itself or one of its upstream regulators in a pathway. It is an important process for maintaining homeostasis and for controlling cellular signaling.

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The Option B is correct. The body blan  have the assymetry types of sponges in them

Sponges (Phylum Porifera) are a type of aquatic animal that lack true tissues and organs. They are considered the simplest of all animals and do not have a body plan based on symmetry.

Instead, sponges exhibit a type of symmetry known as "asymmetry," which means they have no plane of symmetry or any organization of body parts around a central axis. Therefore, the correct answer is B. asymmetry.

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Penicillin is made by a fungus and used to kill bacterial cells. Therefore, penicillin is an example of an antibiotic.

Antibiotics are a type of medicine that is used to treat bacterial infections. Penicillin is an antibiotic that is made from a fungus. It is used to kill bacterial cells by preventing them from making cell walls, which causes them to die. Penicillin is one of the most widely used antibiotics in the world and has saved countless lives. It was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928 when he noticed that a mold had contaminated one of his petri dishes and had killed the bacteria that were growing on it.

Since then, penicillin has been used to treat a wide variety of bacterial infections, including strep throat, pneumonia, and skin infections.

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The given statement that " we can use electron microscopy to determine the path of mineral growth during metamorphism" is True. Electron microscopy is a powerful tool used in the field of petrology to determine the path of mineral growth during metamorphism. This technique allows scientists to examine the microstructural features of a sample such as grain size, grain shape, and orientation.

By studying the microstructure of the sample, scientists can learn how the mineral composition of the sample changed during metamorphism, as well as the temperatures and pressures it was exposed to.

This technique is also useful for studying the texture and strain patterns of rocks, which can be used to interpret the kinematic history of the rock. Overall, electron microscopy is an invaluable tool for the study of metamorphism.

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Recombinant DNA being used to enable a bird flu to transfer from human to human in order to study the genetics of human to human transfer (option B) is likely to cause the greatest concern to the public.

Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. This involves introducing new DNA into an organism's genome, or modifying existing DNA, to give it new or enhanced characteristics that it wouldn't have otherwise.

While GMOs have the potential to offer many benefits, there is also concern about their safety and potential impact on the environment. As a result, GMOs are subject to regulatory oversight and testing before they can be marketed or released into the environment.

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The application of recombinant DNA technology that involves the production of a distinct pattern of DNA fragments on a gel is known as gel electrophoresis.

Gel electrophoresis is a technique for separating DNA molecules based on their size and charge. A current is applied to a gel matrix containing DNA fragments, which causes the fragments to migrate toward the positive electrode.The size of DNA fragments is determined by comparing them to fragments of known size that have been run on the same gel. This enables scientists to identify the DNA sequence of a specific gene or set of genes. The technique is useful for a variety of purposes, including forensic science, genetic testing, and biotechnology research.There are two types of gel electrophoresis techniques: Agarose gel electrophoresis and Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These techniques are based on the matrix or gel used to separate DNA fragments.

Gel electrophoresis is an essential laboratory technique used to separate and analyze fragments of DNA. It uses electric current to move negatively charged molecules, like DNA, through a gel matrix. DNA fragments of different sizes move through the gel at different speeds, producing a distinct pattern of bands on the gel .

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The course of action of visual predominance segments in the cortex is best portrayed as sections for both the left eye and right eye in each hypercolumn. The correct answer is (A).

The sections structure a mosaic of unpredictable equal stripes around 500 μm to 1000 μm wide (right eye segment in addition to left eye segment estimates 1 to 2 mm), situated at right points to the limit of the essential visual cortex.

Visual predominance sections — districts inside layer 4 of V1 in higher well-evolved creatures that get input solely from one eye or the other by means of the horizontal geniculate core (LGN) of the visual thalamus — are paradigmatic of thalamocortical examples that determine individual cortical regions.

Visual predominance segments substitute methodically between left eye and right eye strength. Direction segments change methodically across directions (Hubel and Wiesel, 1962). At the point when visual predominance sections and direction segments are consolidated, they structure something that Hubel and Wiesel called a hypercolumn.

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Tracheids and vessel elements are water-conducting cells that are dead at functional maturity.

The correct answer is option d.

Tracheids and vessel elements are examples of cells that are dead at functional maturity and are responsible for the transportation of water and minerals within the plant. These cells are responsible for carrying water and other materials from one part of the plant to another.

The tracheids are elongated cells that have walls with tapered ends that allow for the movement of water and minerals through the cells. Vessel elements are cells that are wider and shorter than tracheids and have perforations in their walls that allow for the transport of water and other materials.

In plants, the xylem tissue is responsible for the transportation of water and minerals. It consists of two types of cells, tracheids and vessel elements.

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Gluconeogenesis and glycolysis share many of the same enzymes because both processes involve breaking down glucose molecules and then building them back up. Specifically, the enzymes catalyze the breakdown of the bonds between atoms in the glucose molecule, and then form new bonds between the atoms to create a new molecule.

One reason why gluconeogenesis can use many of the same enzymes as glycolysis is because the two pathways are different yet closely interrelated; glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose while gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources such as pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, and some amino acids. Although these two pathways appear to be opposite of each other, they do share some of the same enzymes which could explain why gluconeogenesis is able to use many of the same enzymes as glycolysis.

Gluconeogenesis refers to the metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate substrates such as lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids such as alanine and glutamine in vertebrates. This pathway is particularly significant in maintaining blood sugar levels during fasting and low-calorie diets. Gluconeogenesis takes place in the liver and kidneys and it is stimulated by hormonal and metabolic changes such as low blood sugar, high levels of glucagon, epinephrine, and cortisol.

The energy needed for this pathway is obtained from hydrolysis of ATP and GTP into ADP and GDP, which provides energy for the phosphorylation of glucose and fructose-6-phosphate.This process is known as “reversible reaction” and the same enzymes are used in both gluconeogenesis and glycolysis.

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The organisms that are multicellular is option (d). Elodea.

Elodea is a type of aquatic plant that is multicellular, meaning it consists of many cells that are organized into tissues and organs.

These cells work together to form an organism with specialized functions. Elodea has a variety of shapes and sizes and is found in most ponds and lakes.

Its cells have specialized parts such as a cell wall and chloroplasts, which allow it to produce energy through photosynthesis.

This energy is used to help the plant grow and reproduce.

This Elodea leaf cell exemplifies a typical plant cell.

It has a nucleus, and a stiff cell wall which gives the cell its box-like shape. The numerous green chloroplasts allow the cell to make its own food (by photosynthesis). The central vacuole takes up most of the volume of the cell.

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If the gene sequence is altered and the N-terminal sequence is significantly shortened, the most likely thing that will happen to a periplasmic protein in the general secretion pathway is that it will be prevented from being targeted and processed to the periplasm. It could also be degraded or exported to the cytoplasm, depending on the degree of modification made.

A signal sequence is present at the N-terminal of a protein to direct it to the secretion pathway. This N-terminal signal sequence is necessary for the export and secretion of proteins to the periplasm.

If this signal sequence is absent, the protein might fail to be processed in the pathway or it might be directed to the cytoplasm.

Hence, a significant shortening of the N-terminal sequence in a gene sequence would fail the protein to be targeted to the periplasm, and it would not be able to get exported correctly in the general secretion pathway.

This would ultimately result in the non-secretion of periplasmic proteins. Therefore, modification of the gene sequence and the N-terminal sequence of the protein could have significant implications on the processing and secretion of periplasmic proteins.

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Answer: When it comes to the connection between beetles and self-heating flowers, scientists have concluded that self-heating flowers have a competitive advantage over other types of flowers since they produce heat as a reward for pollinators.

The flowers' strategy has proven to be successful in attracting beetles, which are drawn to the heat and, as a result, pollinate the flower.

When it comes to flower competition, this provides self-heating flowers with a competitive edge over other non-self-heating flowers.

What are self-heating flowers, exactly?

These are flowers that can heat up to as much as 20 degrees Celsius above the ambient temperature as a result of the respiration of their flowers. When insects visit such plants, they get a warm and attractive welcome that invites them to stay longer.

This serves as a reward for the pollinators that come to the flowers in question as they are more likely to return to plants that provide rewards.



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Good genes model is a sexual selection model that suggests that the female peacocks, for instance, are interested in male peacocks that have genes that increase the survival prospects or reproductive success of their offspring (male peacocks), and that this choice of mate is done through the examination of male ornamental characteristics.

The data on the offspring of peacocks tell us about the good genes model of intersexual selection as follows:The greater the number of eye spots on the feathers of the male peacock, the greater the number of offspring that the male peacock will have, according to the data on the offspring of peacocks.

This means that the male peacock's eye spots are related to good genes, and the female peacock selects mates with more eye spots on their feathers in order to increase the survival of their offspring, according to the good genes model of intersexual selection.The greater the number of eye spots on the male peacock's feathers, the greater the number of offspring that the male peacock will have.

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Answer:

Transcription factors

Explanation:

Gene expression can be altered depending on the transcription of genes.

Transcription factors are proteins that can either activate or deactivate genes through the rate of transcription, which is the process of converting DNA to mRNA in order to make more proteins.

Examples of transcription factors are activators and repressors. Activators enable transcription to occur by the use of RNA polymerase binding to DNA, while repressors stop transcription from occurring by blocking RNA polymerase from binding to DNA.

These transcription factors decide whether or not a gene is expressed.

Transcription factors regulate gene expression in eukaryotes.

Transcription factors are proteins that bind to specific regions of DNA, known as promoter regions, to regulate gene expression.

These proteins can either increase or decrease gene expression by binding to the promoter region and affecting how much transcription of the gene occurs.

Plasmids are small, circular pieces of DNA found in some bacteria. Plasmids do not regulate gene expression. Lac operons are gene regulatory systems that help bacteria to process sugar.

Lac operons do not regulate gene expression in eukaryotes.

Lipids are molecules that help form the cell membrane and can also be involved in cell signaling, but they do not regulate gene expression in eukaryotes.

Therefore, the term that names what can regulate gene expression in eukaryotes is transcription factors.

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The correct option is B) A tRNA that carries the next amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain.  

Here, correct option is B.

The A-site (acceptor site) is a region on the ribosome to which the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the growing polypeptide chain binds. The ribosome is a complex molecular machine that translates the genetic code on messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. The ribosome has three active sites for the tRNA during translation: The A (aminoacyl), P (peptidyl), and E (exit) sites.

The incoming aminoacyl-tRNA (aa-tRNA) enters the ribosome's A-site, where it binds to a complementary codon on the mRNA. The ribosome then catalyzes the formation of a peptide bond between the carboxyl group of the amino acid at the end of the polypeptide chain and the amino group of the incoming amino acid on the aa-tRNA.

Therefore, correct option is B.

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The F2 generation has a phenotypic ratio that is altered from the classical ratio when dealing with an epistatic gene interaction due to the independent assortment of alleles at different loci and their ability to recombine in a variety of ways.

The F2 generation has a phenotypic ratio that is altered from the classical ratio when dealing with an epistatic gene interaction. This is due to the interactions of two or more alleles at different loci and their effects on a phenotype. In the F2 generation, the alleles at each locus are independent of each other and there is no blending of parental traits, resulting in the deviation from the classical ratio. In this generation, the genotypes present in the F1 will be recombined in a variety of ways, causing the deviation from the expected phenotypic ratios. For example, in a cross involving two epistatic genes (A and B), the parental F1 generation would exhibit a 3:1 phenotypic ratio (A_B_ : A_bb). But in the F2 generation, the recombination of these alleles can produce new combinations of genotypes (A_B_ and aaB_) that would result in a phenotypic ratio of 1:2:1 (A_B_ : A_bb : aaB_).
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The first hypothesis suggests that the genetic divergence between the populations of the lizard species may have been facilitated by physical isolation. According to this hypothesis, the lizards may have become genetically and phenotypically different as a result of geographic isolation. The lizards may have been physically separated on these islands, either by natural barriers such as water bodies or by human activities such as farming or logging, for long periods of time.

The second hypothesis suggests that the genetic divergence between the populations of the lizard species may have been facilitated by different selection pressures. According to this hypothesis, the lizards may have become genetically and phenotypically different as a result of different environmental pressures on different islands. This hypothesis suggests that the lizards may have adapted differently to the different environments of different islands.

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Answer:

The answer to the question, "How will curare affect skeletal muscle function?" is that it will block ACh from attaching to nicotinic receptors present in skeletal muscles, causing skeletal muscle paralysis.

How will curare affect skeletal muscle function?

Curare is a poison that induces skeletal muscle paralysis. The mechanism behind the blockage of ACh at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is an allosteric mechanism.

It serves as a competitive antagonist to ACh at the NMJ receptor. This implies that curare occupies the NMJ receptor site for ACh and prevents ACh from binding to it. Curare prevents the depolarization of the muscle membrane by preventing ACh from attaching to nicotinic receptors in skeletal muscle fibers.

The muscle is unable to contract as a result of this. The diaphragm muscle, which is essential for breathing, is also paralyzed by curare.

Curare, a chemical compound that is a nicotinic receptor antagonist, will block acetylcholine (ACh) from attaching to the nicotinic receptors present in skeletal muscles, as a result, it will cause skeletal muscle paralysis.

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For an older patient with decreased epidermal mitotic homeostasis, the beneficial action will be the use of a topical retinoid.

The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin, and it undergoes a regular cycle of mitotic division, cell differentiation, and shedding. Homeostasis in the skin's outer layer is required for its proper function. Epidermal mitotic homeostasis is disrupted when the epidermal cells divide too quickly, as occurs in psoriasis, or when the cells divide too slowly, as occurs in the elderly, leading to dry skin and wrinkles.

Retinoids are vitamin A derivatives that improve the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles by speeding up cell renewal. They also help to clear acne, unclog pores, and make skin look smoother and more even. The beneficial action for an older patient with decreased epidermal mitotic homeostasis would be the use of a topical retinoid.

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The statement about more epinephrine is released than norepinephrine from the neural endings during the stress response is true.

The norаdrenergic system hаs vаrious functions throughout the centrаl аnd peripherаl nervous systems. One mаjor role it is involved in is the body’s “fight or flight” response.

During stаtes of stress or аnxiety, norepinephrine аnd epinephrine аre releаsed аnd bind to аdrenergic receptors throughout the body which exert effects such аs dilаting pupils аnd bronchioles, increаsing heаrt rаte аnd constricting blood vessels, increаsing renin secretion from the kidneys, аnd inhibiting peristаlsis.

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During the Embryonic Stage, the zygote continues to divide and its cells begin to differentiate.

This is the stage of prenatal development that occurs from Week 3 to Week 8 of pregnancy. During this stage, the embryo will undergo rapid development and will form the major organs and body structures.

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Resource partitioning is the process by which different species share the same resource but do so in different ways to reduce competition. This is particularly common among Anolis lizards.

As Figure 54.2 shows, different species of Anolis lizards prefer different parts of the tree, such as the trunk, branches, twigs, and leaves, depending on their particular needs and preferences.

Additionally, different species of Anolis lizards feed on different types of food, such as fruit, flowers, and insects. This specialization reduces competition for food and other resources, allowing each species to specialize in its particular niche. By partitioning resources more efficiently, species are able to coexist more peacefully.

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The presence of chlorophyll for photosynthesis is not an exclusive adaptation of land plants, as algae also contain chlorophyll and perform photosynthesis.

The three adaptations of land plants that distinguish them from their algal relatives are: The presence of stomata for gas exchange. The presence of a waxy cuticle on air-exposed surfaces. The presence of specialized water transporting tissues.
The adaptations of land plants that distinguish them from their algal relatives include:
1. The presence of stomata for gas exchange: Stomata are small openings on the surface of leaves that allow plants to exchange gases, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, with their environment.
2. The presence of a waxy cuticle on air-exposed surfaces: The waxy cuticle is a protective layer that covers the outer surfaces of leaves and stems, helping to prevent water loss and protect the plant from desiccation.
3. The presence of specialized water transporting tissues: Land plants have developed specialized tissues called xylem and phloem to transport water, nutrients, and sugars throughout the plant. This allows them to grow taller and survive in various environments.
Note that the presence of chlorophyll for photosynthesis is not an exclusive adaptation of land plants, as algae also contain chlorophyll and perform photosynthesis.

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Only when they come upon a substrate that suits their active site may enzymes catalyze a reaction. Option c is Correct.

An enzyme will cling to (bind) one or more reactant molecules in order to catalyze a process. These compounds are the enzyme's substrates. In certain reactions, one substrate is broken down into numerous products. In others, two substrates join together to generate one bigger molecule or to swap components.

Also, because each enzyme catalyzes only one sort of reaction in a single substance or a collection of structurally related compounds, enzymes are very selective in their actions. An enzyme's substrates are the substance(s) that the enzyme reacts with. Option c is Correct.

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