what causes active hyperemia? what causes active hyperemia? blood loss causes skeletal muscle hypoxia leading to adenosine release and vasodilation. production of no and o2 by tissues causes vasoconstriction due to enhanced vascular smooth muscle contraction. occluded blood flow causes a dramatic drop in tissue o2 and high levels of co2 and h causing endothelial cells to release no. increased metabolism results in a local increase in co2.

This is due to a mutation in the skin cell of the elephants’ trunks

Over time trunks became longer so that the variety of functions performed by them could grow. Today, the elephant's trunk is basically a “hand”. It can lift and carry heavy loads, carry liquids like water inside it, pull leaves towards it's mouth and it's for sensory perception ( smell ). It can also be used as a strong defensive tool. Access to all these functions is what triggered the evolution of trunks as highly sophisticated and successful tools of the animal kingdom.

The recovery time for cartilage damage varies from person to person, but it generally takes longer than other types of tissue injuries.

Depending on the severity of the injury, it can take anywhere from a few weeks to several months to recover, and it may require surgery.Cartilage tissue, unlike most tissues in the body, does not contain blood vessels. As a result, it has a limited ability to heal itself.

Cartilage cells have a low metabolic rate, which makes it difficult for the body to repair damaged cartilage, and the tissue itself has a limited blood supply, making it difficult for nutrients and other vital components to reach the damaged tissue.Cartilage is a strong, flexible tissue that cushions the joints and protects them from wear and tear. It's found in a variety of places in the body, including the nose, ears, and joints.

It is highly important in maintaining joint function, and as such, any damage to it can lead to long-term mobility issues.In conclusion, given the nature of cartilage tissue, it is difficult to presume a quick recovery. It is highly recommended that Robert seeks medical attention to assess the severity of the injury and discuss treatment options. Surgery may be necessary, depending on the extent of the damage, and recovery time can be extensive.

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If the frog is in an upright position, blood flow through this vessel would also be against gravity. anatomically, the expected of this blood vessel are low pressure, thin-walled blood vessels that return blood to the heart

As we know that amphibians are cold-blooded animals that are dependent on the environment to control their body temperature, they are also capable of regulating their body temperature to some extent by means of their behavior. They are thus a critical link in the food chain of most ecosystems, acting as both predator and prey. Since the frog is standing upright and blood flow through this vessel would also be against gravity, the anatomical expectations of this blood vessel are low pressure, thin-walled blood vessels that return blood to the heart are known as veins. Veins are found in all parts of the body, and they come in various sizes, from tiny capillaries to big veins in the legs and arms.

When you stand or sit, gravity causes blood to accumulate in your veins, particularly in your feet and legs. Under such circumstances, blood in the veins has to travel upward to reach the heart, necessitating a mechanism for keeping blood from flowing backward, this mechanism is based on the way that veins are built. A set of valves in the veins ensures that blood flows in only one direction - toward the heart and against gravity. These valves prevent blood from pooling in the veins and thus keep blood pressure in check.  So therefore the expected of this blood vessel are low pressure, thin-walled blood vessels that return blood to the heart.

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Normally, the opening of a chloride channel leads to an influx of negatively charged chloride ions into the cell, which leads to an increase in the cell's membrane potential, causing hyperpolarization.

However, under certain conditions, the opening of a chloride channel can actually lead to depolarization of the neuron.

One of the conditions under which this can happen is when the neuron is already near its threshold potential. In this scenario, the influx of chloride ions can cause a small depolarization that brings the membrane potential closer to the threshold for an action potential.

Another condition that can lead to depolarization is if the extracellular chloride concentration is higher than the intracellular chloride concentration. This can happen in certain pathological conditions or as a result of experimental manipulations. When the chloride concentration gradient is reversed, opening chloride channels can lead to an influx of positively charged ions, causing depolarization.

However, if the extracellular chloride concentration is lower than the intracellular chloride concentration, the opening of a chloride channel would still result in hyperpolarization, not depolarization, regardless of the resting membrane potential.

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Heart muscles, unlike skeletal muscles, cannot undergo tetanus, because of option B: longer refractory period.

Skeletal muscle's refractory period is considerably shorter than that of cardiovascular muscle. Tetanus is therefore prevented, and between each contraction there is ample time for the heart chamber to fill back up with blood before the next one.

The anaerobic bacterium Clostridium tetani produces tetanus toxin, also known as tetanospasmin, which causes infection by contaminating wounds and results in muscle stiffness and spasms.

Heart muscle differs from skeletal muscle in that it contracts rhythmically and involuntarily. The rhythmic contraction of the cardiac muscle is managed by the sinoatrial node, the heart's pacemaker.

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Complete question is:

The heart has to be able to regulate its contractions. Heart muscle, unlike skeletal muscle, cannot go into a tetanus. This is because ? group of answer choices

greater strength

longer refractory period

greater control

sufficient elasticity

Answer:

D. Costal areas near the Gulf stream are warmer than inland areas at the same latitude

Explanation:

This is correct because the warm water of the Gulf stream heats the air above it, which then warms the adjacent land. This effect is particularly noticeable in winter when the Gulf Stream helps to moderate temperatures along the eastern coast of North America and western coast of Europe.

so D. Is correct.

The breeds of domestic animals can differ a great deal in their appearance and behavior, yet they not considered as separate species because species are reproductively isolated. However the domestic animals are able to produce fertile species when interbred.

In the hierarchy of classification, species belong to the lowest level. The species have similar characters and are able to produce fertile offspring when mated. If two organisms produce infertile offspring upon mating, they are not considered of same species.

Domestic animals are the animals that can be tamed and are kept under human captivity. The example of domestic animals are cows, dogs, hen, etc.

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Itp, or immune thrombocytopenic purpura, is brought on by antibody destruction of platelets in the spleen. The correct answer is (C).

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is a rare autoimmune disorder in which the immune system destroys blood-clotting platelets, preventing a person's blood from properly clotting. Although the exact cause of ITP is unknown, it is thought to be caused by a malfunction of the immune system that may be brought on by viral infections.

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is a condition characterized by a non-blanching purpuric rash brought on by idiopathic (spontaneous) thrombocytopenia. A type II hypersensitivity reaction is the cause of ITP. The production of antibodies that target and destroy platelets is the cause.

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Q- Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is caused by:

a. a vaccine-induced hypersensitivity reaction against platelets.

b. drug-induced platelet toxicity.

c. antibody destruction of platelets in the spleen.

d. virus-induced hyperproliferation of platelets.

The statement is red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets are all formed elements of blood is true.

Blood is made up of two main factors tube and forming rudiments. Tube is the liquid part of blood, while forming factors are the cellular element. Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.

Red blood cells are responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to the apkins of the body. They're double- sided concave discs filled with hemoglobin, an oxygen- binding protein.

White blood cells play an important part in the vulnerable system. They're involved in feting and fighting infections and other foreign substances in the body. formerly produced, these cells are released into the bloodstream to perform their separate functions.

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BSA ( bovine serum albumin ) is used because of its ability to increase signal in assays, its lack of effect in many biochemical reactions, and its low cost, since large quantities of it can be readily purified from bovine blood, a byproduct of the cattle industry.

Cows are the source of the serum albumin protein known as bovine serum albumin (BSA or "Fraction V"). In laboratory research, it is frequently employed as a protein concentration standard.

Albumin is referred to as "Fraction V" because it is the fifth fraction in the original purification method developed by Edwin Cohn, which made use of the differences in plasma protein solubility. Cohn was able to separate apart successive blood plasma "fractions" by adjusting the temperature, pH, salt levels, and solvent concentrations. In order to produce human albumin for medical purposes, the procedure was initially marketed. Later, BSA was produced using the same method.

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Photosynthesis takes place in a specialised intracellular organelle called the chloroplast in plants and algae, which emerged much later. During the day, chloroplasts carry out photosynthesis.

Organelles that may be observed under a light microscope include the nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, chloroplasts, and cell wall. For the purpose of photosynthesis, leaves are specialised plant organs. This energy powers the fixation of atmospheric carbon during photosynthesis. The cell's food production is carried out by chloroplasts. Only certain protists like algae and plant cells contain the organelles. Chloroplasts are absent from animal cells. Chloroplasts function to transform solar light energy into sugars that cells can utilise.

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The specific expression pattern of gene X in nerve cells is likely contributed by the presence of a sequence-specific DNA-binding activator that is not present in other tissues. This activator helps regulate the expression of gene X by enabling RNA polymerase II to bind effectively and allowing transcription to occur in a tissue-specific manner.

The specific expression pattern of gene X in nerve cells is most likely due to the presence of a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein. This activator is present in some tissues, such as nerve cells, but not in others, like liver cells. The activator's function is to bind to a particular DNA sequence and facilitate the transcription process by enabling RNA polymerase II to bind effectively.

In the case of gene X, its expression produces large amounts of tRNA but undetectable amounts of mRNA, suggesting that the activator plays a crucial role in the regulation and selective expression of this gene.

Additionally, general transcription factors can inhibit the activation of gene X in liver cells by blocking the activator from binding to RNA polymerase II. This further supports the importance of the activator in the tissue-specific expression of gene X.

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Gamma rays have the shortest wavelength, followed by visible light, microwaves, and radio waves; (1) Gamma rays, (2) Visible light, (3) Microwaves, (4) Radio waves.

Gamma rays are a type of electromagnetic radiation with very high energy and very short wavelength. They are a form of ionizing radiation, which means they have enough energy to remove electrons from atoms or molecules, causing them to become charged (ionized). Gamma rays are produced by the decay of radioactive atoms and by other high-energy processes such as nuclear fusion and nuclear fission.

Radio waves are a type of electromagnetic radiation with long wavelengths and low frequencies. They are a form of non-ionizing radiation, which means they do not have enough energy to remove electrons from atoms or molecules. Radio waves are produced by oscillating electric and magnetic fields and are commonly used for communication, such as in radio and television broadcasting, mobile phones, and wireless networks.

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Answer: Here are some examples of how the different parts of natural selection can apply to cactus populations:

1. Overproduction: Cacti are known for producing a large number of seeds. This is because cacti face a variety of challenges in their harsh desert environments, and by producing more seeds, they increase their chances of at least some of their offspring surviving adulthood.

2. Competition: To survive in their desert habitats, cacti must compete for limited resources like water and nutrients. Some cacti have evolved specialized root systems that allow them to tap into water sources that are inaccessible to other plants, giving them a competitive advantage.

3. Variation: Cactus populations exhibit a wide range of variations in their physical characteristics, such as the shape and size of their stems and spines. This variation is the result of genetic mutations and other factors, and it allows different cacti to better adapt to their specific environmental conditions.

4. Selection: In the harsh desert environment, cacti with traits that enable them to survive and reproduce are more likely to pass on their genes to future generations. For example, cacti with thicker stems or longer roots may be better able to withstand drought conditions, while cacti with larger or more brightly colored flowers may be more attractive to pollinators. Over time, these traits become more common in the population as a result of natural selection.

Answer:

It would prevent the separation of chromosomes during the anaphase stage.

When a cell is given colchicine through mitosis, the spindle's microtubules will not form or grow. Consequently, there will be disruption of chromosome segregation during the mitotic division which could result in polyploidy, chromosome non-disjunction, and eventually cell death.

Colchicine is a medication used to prevent and treat gout attacks. It can also be used to treat familial Mediterranean fever, acute pericarditis, and Behçet's disease. Colchicine binds to microtubules and interferes with the usual cell division process. It prevents the spindle's microtubules from forming or growing. When cells are given colchicine through mitosis, chromosome segregation during mitotic division is disrupted. This could result in polyploidy, chromosome non-disjunction, and eventually cell death. This mechanism is used by scientists to examine the role of spindle microtubules in mitosis, as well as the function of the cell cycle.

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The false statement is C. Laboratory mice devoid of any particular pathogens exhibit a high prevalence of zoonotic illnesses.

Laboratory rodents that have been raised to be specific-pathogen-free (SPF) are clear of particular infectious agents that could affect study outcomes. Because SPF mice are reared in regulated, sterile settings, it is unlikely that they will transmit zoonotic illnesses. However, it is still possible for experimental rodents to harbor infections that can harm people, such as parasites or bacterial infections.

The assertions in A, B, and D are accurate. People who are hypersensitive to the proteins in mouse urine and pelts may experience allergic responses. In addition to causing harm, mouse wounds can spread diseases.

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The question is -

Which of the following statements concerning health risks from working with mice is false?

A. Mouse urine and pelt proteins are an allergic hazard to people.

B. Mouse bites can penetrate and injure the skin.

C. Zoonotic diseases are very common in specific-pathogen-free laboratory mice.

D. Contact with wild mice in field studies is a risk for exposure to zoonotic diseases.

The parents being heterozygous for both the earlobe and hair genes means that they both have one dominant and one recessive allele for each trait.

Let's represent the dominant alleles for free earlobes and dark hair with 'F' and 'D', respectively, and the recessive alleles for attached earlobes and light hair with 'f' and 'd', respectively.

The possible genotypes of the parents are:

FfDd (Parent 1)

FfDd (Parent 2)

Using a Punnett square, we can find the genotypes and phenotypes of their potential offspring.

F f

D FD fD

d Fd fd

The genotypes in the Punnett square that represent children with the free earlobes and dark hair phenotype are FD and fD. This is because both of these genotypes have at least one dominant allele for both traits.

Therefore, the possible genotypes of the offspring with the free earlobes and dark hair phenotype are FDFD, FfD, FDf, and fDf.

It is important to note that the probability of each genotype occurring is 1/4 or 25%. The phenotype ratio of this cross would be 9:3:3:1, with 9 offspring having both dominant traits, 3 offspring having one dominant and one recessive trait, 3 offspring having the other dominant and recessive trait, and 1 offspring having both recessive traits.

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Answer:

one parent is heterozygous and the other parent is homozygous recessive

Explanation:

Since red eyes are the dominant trait, both parents must carry the recessive gene for white eyes in order to have offspring with white eyes. However, if both parents were only heterozygous (one gene for each eye color), then the ratio of offspring with red eyes to white would be 3:1. There are more offspring with white eyes than red eyes present, so on parent must be homozygous recessive (have both genes for white eyes).

the chances of two normal individuals having a child with cystic fibrosis is 25% or 1 in 4.

In order for two normal individuals to have a child with cystic fibrosis, both parents must be carriers of the recessive cystic fibrosis gene. Let's represent the normal gene as "A" and the cystic fibrosis gene as "a".

When two carriers of the cystic fibrosis gene have a child, the Punnett square for the cross would be:

A A

A AA AA

a Aa Aa

As you can see, in this case, each parent has one normal allele (A) and one cystic fibrosis allele (a). When these gametes combine, there is a 25% chance (1 in 4) that the child will inherit two copies of the cystic fibrosis allele (aa), and therefore have cystic fibrosis.

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If there were a technique that allowed one to isolate EGFR1 and EGFR2 at discrete steps along their activation pathway, then a dimer in which EGFR2 contains phosphotyrosines but EGFR1 does not would be isolated. So, option C is appropriate.

The transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase known as EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) is essential for cell signalling and growth regulation. EGFR is activated by forming homodimers or heterodimers with other EGFR family members, namely EGFR1 (also known as HER1) and EGFR2 (also known as HER2).

The EGFR undergoes autophosphorylation at particular tyrosine residues during activation, which causes the recruitment and activation of downstream signalling molecules. It would appear that EGFR2 has been activated and has undergone autophosphorylation, whereas EGFR1 has not, if one were to isolate a dimer in which EGFR2 contains phosphotyrosines but EGFR1 does not. This could be a significant development in our comprehension of the precise mechanisms underlying EGFR activation and the downstream signaling cascades, with implications for the creation of targeted treatments for conditions like cancer.

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The strategies that are used for the dedication of the possible relationships of some of the given organisms by way of comparative anatomy, DNA collection analysis, and protein assessment.

DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a molecule that includes genetic facts in all living organisms. it is made from constructing blocks called nucleotides, which consist of a sugar molecule, a phosphate institution, and a nitrogenous base. The 4 nitrogenous bases observed in DNA are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine . The series of those bases determines the genetic code that includes the commands for the development, characteristic, and reproduction of dwelling organisms.

DNA is organized into structures called chromosomes, which are located in the nucleus of a cell. During cell division, the DNA in each chromosome is replicated and passed on to daughter cells. Mutations or changes in the DNA sequence can occur naturally or be caused by environmental factors and can lead to genetic disorders or diseases.

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Answer: It will most likely be a Microbe

Explanation:

The new species of guppies is using a conformer homeostatic mechanism to regulate its internal body temperature.

The new species of guppies that grows in aquatic environments with high salt levels is using a form of homeostatic mechanism known as conformers or conformist.

Conformers are organisms that allow their internal conditions to vary with changes in their external environment. In this case, the body temperature of the guppies changes as the temperature in their environment changes, which suggests that the guppies are conformers.

Conformers are typically found in environments that are relatively stable and do not experience large fluctuations in temperature or other environmental factors. By conforming to their environment, they are able to maintain a stable internal environment without expending energy to actively regulate their body temperature or other internal conditions.

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Mutant versions of genes that are normally involved in promoting the cell cycle are known as oncogenes.

Oncogenes are altered forms of proto-oncogenes, which are genes that regulate normal cell growth and division. Mutations in proto-oncogenes can convert them into oncogenes, which can cause cells to divide uncontrollably and contribute to the development of cancer. Oncogenes can be activated by a variety of mechanisms, including point mutations, gene amplification, chromosomal rearrangements, and viral integration.

The altered function of oncogenes can lead to the dysregulation of normal cellular processes, such as cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and DNA repair, ultimately resulting in the uncontrolled growth and proliferation of cancer cells.

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While performing routine postpartum testing for an Rh immune globulin (RhIG) candidate, a weakly positive antibody screening test was found. Anti-D was identified. This antibody is most likely the result of: a previous Rh(D)-positive pregnancy.

Rh immunoglobulin (RhIG) is a medication that prevents a pregnant woman from developing Rh antibodies in response to Rh factor exposure. When an Rh-negative woman is exposed to Rh-positive blood, her immune system responds by producing Rh antibodies. These antibodies can cause complications in future pregnancies if the fetus is Rh-positive.

The antibody screening test is performed routinely during postpartum testing to identify Rh-negative women who require RhIG to avoid the development of Rh antibodies. Anti-D is one of the antibodies detected by the test, and it is commonly seen in women who have had previous Rh(D)-positive pregnancies.

Anti-D is an antibody that targets Rh(D) antigens, which are found on the surface of Rh-positive blood cells. This antibody is created when an Rh-negative woman is exposed to Rh(D)-positive blood, either through pregnancy or blood transfusion. If an Rh-negative woman is exposed to Rh(D)-positive fetal blood during pregnancy, her immune system may respond by producing anti-D antibodies. These antibodies can cross the placenta and damage fetal Rh(D)-positive red blood cells, causing hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) in subsequent Rh(D)-positive pregnancies.

In summary, a weakly positive antibody screening test and identification of anti-D in a woman who has had previous Rh(D)-positive pregnancies indicate a risk of Rh(D) sensitization in future pregnancies. In such cases, RhIG administration is necessary to avoid the development of Rh antibodies.

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[tex]\blue{\huge {\mathrm{CHARLES \; DARWIN}}}[/tex]

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[tex]{\underline{\huge \mathbb{Q} {\large \mathrm {UESTION : }}}}[/tex]

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Charles Darwin made the observation that members of a population often vary in their inherited traits during his famous voyages on the HMS Beagle. During his travels, he collected specimens of plants and animals from different parts of the world, and he observed that there was a lot of variation within species, even within the same population.

He also noticed that some of these variations were heritable and could be passed down from one generation to the next. Darwin realized that this variation was the key to understanding how natural selection works. He hypothesized that individuals that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on their favorable traits to their offspring.

Over time, this could lead to significant changes in the characteristics of a population, ultimately resulting in the evolution of new species. His observations and subsequent theory of evolution by natural selection revolutionized the field of biology and continue to influence scientific thinking to this day.

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[tex]- \large\sf\copyright \: \large\tt{AriesLaveau}\large\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\tt 04/02/2023[/tex]

Darwin made the observation that members of a population often vary in their inherited traits through careful observation and collection of data during his voyage on the HMS Beagle.

During his voyage, Darwin collected specimens of plants and animals from various locations and noted their physical characteristics. He observed that individuals within a species exhibited variations in their traits, such as the shape and size of their beaks or the color of their fur.

Darwin also studied domesticated animals and plants, noting how humans selectively bred them for desired traits. This led him to propose that natural selection, a similar process of differential reproductive success based on inherited traits, could explain the origin and diversity of species in nature.

Darwin's observations and subsequent research laid the foundation for the theory of evolution by natural selection, which is now widely accepted as the mechanism driving the diversity of life on Earth.

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A sex-linked recessive condition, hemophilia. The X chromosome is home to the hemophilia-causing defective gene. Men have a single X and a single Y chromosome.

Hence, a guy will develop hemophilia if he carries the hemophilia gene on his single X chromosome. An genetic bleeding ailment called hemophilia typically causes the blood to clot improperly. This may result in both spontaneous bleeding and bleeding after injury or surgery. Blood includes a variety of clotting proteins that can aid in halting bleeding.

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4. increase the chances that some organisms will survive change. The diversity of all living things, including the various types of plants, animals, and microorganisms.

As well as the genetic material they carry and the ecosystems they generate, is known as biodiversity.

Three layers are typically used to examine biodiversity: genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecological diversity. The complexity of life on Earth is a result of the interaction between these three levels.

Saving habitats and ecosystems rather than attempting to save a single species is the greatest method to conserve biodiversity.

One endangered species, such as the blue whale, bilbies, or koala, is the focus of several high-profile conservation projects. But no living thing exists in isolation. If a species is endangered, its habitat probably suffers from similar threats.

The complete question is:

A rich variety of genetic material in an ecosystem will:

1. reduce the biodiversity of the ecosystem

2. decrease the carrying capacity of the ecosystem

3. reduce the likelihood of future medical discoveries

4. increase the chances that some organisms will survive change.

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