For movement and sensing, tube feet are used.
What purpose serve tube feet?In addition to aiding in movement, tube feet are utilised by urchins to grab food and are a component of their respiratory system. Sea urchin that goes past the spines. The tube feet have respiratory and sensory functions on the top side of the body, close to the anus.
How do tube feet help with movement?As water is injected into the tube feet, they are thin tubes that stretch. The starfish's epidermis has a sieve plate that allows water to enter, and its muscles force water into each tube foot. The chamber of the tube foot is filled with water during its entire length.
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compared to primary sex characteristics, secondary sex characteristics are those characteristics that:
Compared to primary sex characteristics, secondary sex characteristics are those characteristics that develop during puberty and are not directly involved in reproduction.
The primary sex characteristics are the reproductive organs, which are responsible for reproduction. These organs develop during puberty and become fully functional in adulthood.
In males, the primary sex characteristics include the testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and urethra. In females, the primary sex characteristics include the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and vulva.
Secondary sex characteristics, on the other hand, are the characteristics that develop during puberty but are not directly involved in reproduction. These characteristics are different in males and females.
For instance, in males, the secondary sex characteristics include an increase in muscle mass, growth of facial and body hair, deepening of the voice, and broadening of the shoulders. In females, the secondary sex characteristics include the development of breasts, growth of pubic and underarm hair, widening of the hips, and distribution of fat around the buttocks and thighs.
Hence, compared to primary sex characteristics, secondary sex characteristics are those characteristics that develop during puberty and are not directly involved in reproduction.
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The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is a DIRECT participant in what process? Exclude the four processes that are indirectly linked to oxygen consumption in cellular respiration A. phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP B. accepting electrons from sugars in glycolysis C. accepting electrons at the end of the mitochondrial electron transport chain D. accepting electrons from the components of the citric acid cycle
E. removing electrons from NADH
A DIRECT participant in accepting electrons at the conclusion of the mitochondrial electron transport chain is the oxygen used during cellular respiration. So, C is the best choice.
In this procedure, oxygen molecules act as the ultimate electron acceptor by receiving electrons from electron carriers like NADH and FADH2. As a result, water is created and a proton gradient is created, both of which are used to fuel ATP synthase's synthesis of ATP.
Indirect links between oxygen consumption and cellular respiration include the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP, the uptake of electrons from sugars in glycolysis, the components of the citric acid cycle, and the removal of electrons from NADH.
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Which traits appear to be most beneficial for survival in this environment?
Please make me brainalist and keep smiling dude I hope you will be satisfied with my answer is updated
An adaptation is any heritable trait that helps an organism, such as a plant or animal, survive and reproduce in its environment.
Individuals with adaptive traits—traits that give them some advantage—are more likely to survive and reproduce. These individuals then pass the adaptive traits on to their offspring. Over time, these advantageous traits become more common in the population.
veterinarians may use biopsies on feathers to diagnose beak and feather disease. question 5 options: true false
It is true that veterinarians can diagnose beak and feather disease through biopsies on feathers.
Can veterinarians identify beak and feather disease using biopsies on feathers?To rule out any more potential reasons, DNA in situ hybridization may be used to sample skin or feathers. The use of the haemagglutination (HA) and haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays is a second technique that yields quantitative data. HA titres above 640 HAU/50 l are required to determine PBFD infection.
How is beak and feather illness identified by veterinarians?The best method for PBFD diagnosis is a whole blood DNA probe test for viral DNA detection. To rule out any more potential reasons, a DNA in situ hybridization skin or feather biopsy may be performed.
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an animal has a diploid chromosome number of 20. suppose that in the first meiotic division of a germ cell, a single homologous pair undergoes non-disjunction in meiosis. if meiosis ii proceeds normally, how many chromosomes would be present in each of the four gametes that result from that meiosis?
If meiosis II proceeds normally, each of the four gametes that result from that meiosis will have 20 chromosomes.
If a homologous pair undergoes non-disjunction during meiosis, then two cells will have an extra chromosome, and the remaining two cells will have one chromosome fewer.
In the first meiotic division of a germ cell, if a single homologous pair undergoes non-disjunction in meiosis, it means that they do not separate correctly.
Non-disjunction is defined as the failure of chromosomes to separate during cell division, resulting in an abnormal distribution of chromosomes in the daughter nuclei.
When non-disjunction occurs during meiosis I, the chromosomes remain attached, and all four daughter cells will have an abnormal number of chromosomes.
Non-disjunction can result in cells that have too many or too few chromosomes. If the pair of chromosomes does not separate properly in meiosis I, it will result in two cells having an extra chromosome, and two cells will lack one chromosome.
These cells are called aneuploid cells. An aneuploid cell is a cell that does not contain a multiple of the haploid chromosome number.
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the protein in biological organisms inculude 20 different kinds of amino acids. what is the minimum number of different types
There must be at least 20 different tRNA molecules in a cell in order to form proteins. Each of the tRNA molecules has a unique anticodon that pairs with a codon of mRNA and a unique amino acid-binding site that pairs with a particular amino acid. This is necessary for the formation of proteins.
The minimum number of different tRNA molecules that must exist in a cell is 20, as there is one specific tRNA molecule for each of the 20 amino acids. Each tRNA molecule carries the correct amino acid to the ribosome, which is necessary for the formation of proteins.
The structure of tRNA molecules consists of an amino acid-binding site and an anticodon region. The anticodon region of each tRNA molecule is complementary to a codon of mRNA, and the amino acid-binding site is able to interact with an amino acid. The codons of mRNA direct the ribosome to the appropriate tRNA molecule that corresponds to a particular amino acid.
Therefore, since there are 20 amino acids, 20 different tRNA molecules must exist in a cell in order to pair with each of the codons of mRNA. This ensures that the correct amino acid is available for the formation of proteins. Without the correct tRNA molecule, the ribosome would not be able to bring the correct amino acid to the site of protein synthesis.
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which of the following is not one of the ways of studying and identifying microorganisms?staining culture animal culture human inoculation
The following is not one of the ways of studying and identifying microorganisms is Animal culture.
Microorganisms can be studied and identified through the following ways:
Staining Culture
Human Inoculation
Animal culture
Staining is a method of dyeing microorganisms to make them visible under a microscope. The process of staining involves the use of chemicals that color certain components of the cell, such as the cell wall, nucleus, or cytoplasm, so that they can be seen more clearly.Culture is a method of growing microorganisms in a lab, usually in a nutrient-rich liquid or solid medium. By observing the growth patterns of the microorganisms, scientists can identify them and determine their properties, such as their size, shape, and metabolic processes.
Human inoculation is the method of studying microorganisms by exposing human subjects to a pathogen under controlled conditions in order to observe how the body responds to the infection. This method is useful in understanding how diseases spread and how they can be treated or prevented.
Animal culture is not a method of studying and identifying microorganisms. However, animal models can be used to study the effects of microorganisms on living organisms, such as the symptoms they cause, the immune response they elicit, and the ways they can be treated.
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which of the following statements about small populations is true? which of the following statements about small populations is true? small populations are relatively buffered from the effects of demographic stochasticity. small populations have a greater degree of genetic variation than large populations. finding mates is always easy. small populations are more susceptible to extinction than larger populations are. small populations are relatively buffered from the effects of environmental stochasticity.
Answer:
it is true.
Explanation:
beacuse I know math very well.
Nearly __________ of the US population lives near coastlines.
Nearly 40% of the US population lives near coastlines.
What are coastlines?
Coastlines are the line that delineates the boundary between the sea and the land. The shoreline is a line that marks the contact between land and sea, while the coast is the landmass that extends from the shoreline to the first major change in terrain characteristics, such as mountains or hills.
Major US cities located on the coastlines include New York City, Boston, Miami, and San Francisco, among others. About 39 percent of the US population, or 124 million people, lives in coastal shoreline counties, according to NOAA. The most densely populated coastal region stretches from Boston to Washington, D.C., with about 70 million people living in an area that is highly susceptible to sea-level rise, according to the report.
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during the early miocene epoch of the cenozoic era, there was adaptive radiation of which kind of primate?
Answer: Apes
Explanation:
a pea plant is homozygous dominant for seed shape and seed color and produces round, yellow seeds. what genotype is possible for the offspring?
Genotype possible for the offspring when a pea plant produces round, yellow seeds: RRYY, RRYy, RrYY, RrYy
Pea plants have a variety of seed shapes and colors. These characters are managed by alleles, alternative versions of a gene. A pea plant is homozygous dominant for seed shape and seed color and produces round, yellow seeds. Let's determine the genotype possible for the offspring. It is homozygous dominant for both seed color and seed shape, therefore the genotype must be RRYY. R represents the round seed, and Y represents the yellow seed. It means the two alleles (genes) on each pair are the same and dominant. Round (R) is dominant over wrinkled (r) and yellow (Y) is dominant over green (y). Therefore, the offspring must contain either RRYY, RRYy, RrYY, RrYy.
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if you are not getting adequate calcium in your diet, calcitonin will be secreted, which stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone and thereby increases calcium levels in the blood. question 2 options: true false
True as the Calcitonin is a hormone secreted by the thyroid gland when calcium levels in the blood are too low.
Calcitonin stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone and release calcium into the bloodstream, increasing calcium levels in the blood.
Osteoclasts are cells responsible for breaking down bone tissue and releasing its calcium into the bloodstream.
Without adequate calcium in the diet, calcitonin is secreted in response to the low calcium levels, which stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone, releasing the stored calcium into the bloodstream and restoring calcium balance in the body.
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Which of the following marrow elements provides the microenvironment for proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic cells?A. White pulpB. Germinal centersC. Yellow marrowD. Red marrow
The marrow elements that provides the microenvironment for proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic cells is Red marrow. The correct answer is D.
Red marrow is a soft, spongy tissue found primarily in the bone cavities of the axial skeleton and long bones. It is responsible for producing red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets through a process called haematopoiesis.
Hematopoietic stem cells, which are responsible for producing all blood cell types, are found in the red marrow along with a variety of other cell types that contribute to the microenvironment necessary for haematopoiesis.
This includes stromal cells, which provide support and nourishment to the developing blood cells, as well as cytokines and other signaling molecules that regulate the process of proliferation and differentiation.
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For a certain type of plant, the gene for red flower color is dominant while
the gene for yellow flower color is recessive. Two plants with red flowers
produce an offspring with yellow flowers. Which best describes the genes
of the parent plants?
O both parents carry one recessive gene
Oneither parents carry a recessive gene
O one parent carries two recessive genes, but the other does not
one parent carries the recessive gene, but the other does not
The right response is: One recessive gene is carried by each parent.
This indicates that both parents contain one recessive allele for yellow flowers and are heterozygous for the flower color gene (Rr), with the dominant allele for red flowers (R) manifested in their phenotypic (r).
There is a 25% probability that when they have a child, the child will inherit the recessive allele from each parent and have the recessive phenotype (yellow flowers).
Mendel genetics: What is it?Gregor Mendel's experiments from the middle of the 19th century served as the basis for the study of inheritance patterns in organisms, which is known as Mendel genetics. Mendel developed his rules of inheritance, which are still used to comprehend genetic inheritance in all organisms, using pea plants to analyze the inheritance of traits.Mendel's laws of inheritance include the laws of segregation and independent assortment. The laws of segregation and independent assortment indicate that pairs of genes separate throughout the development of gametes and that genes for various traits are inherited independently of one another. These laws clarify how features are passed down from parents to children and how populations develop genetic diversity.learn more about Mendel genetics here
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Which environmental change occurs most rapidly 1 decomposition 2 human population growth 3 forest succession 4 tornado
The fastest-occurring option is a tornado, which can form and vanish in a matter of minutes, as opposed to the other choices, which include decomposition, forest succession, and human population expansion.
Does the environment suffer from population growth?Many effects of human population growth on the Earth system include: Rising resource extraction from the ecosystem. These resources include fossil fuels, minerals, vegetation, water, and wildlife, especially in the oceans (oil, gas, and coal).
What is a rapidly growing population?Fast population growth is an increase in a population's size brought on by greater birth rates and lower mortality rates. Short-term food scarcity and restricted resources are two effects of fast population increase.
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The shrimp digs to burrow itself and the goby fish. In case danger, the goby fish touches the shrimp with its tail to warn it. meaning to?
Answer:
The shrimp digs to burrow itself and the goby fish. In case danger, the goby fish touches the shrimp with its tail to warn it. Mutualism
Explanation:
a whiptail ability to roll his tail is a dominant trait determined by a pair of alleles. r is the dominant allele and r is the recessive allele. of a whiptail is a tail-roller, what do you know for sure about his genotype?
According to the statement, a pair of alleles—'r' being the dominant allele and 'r' being the recessive allele—determine whether a whiptail can roll its tail. We know that a tail-rolling whiptail must have the genotype "Rr" if it is a whiptail.
Does a dominant allele affect a recessive trait as well?When an allel pair is dominant and recessive, the phenotype is determined. When combined with a dominant allele, a recessive allele does not produce its gene product. An organism will always benefit from having a dominant allele.
How can you tell whether a gene is recessive or dominant?Dominant alleles, like B, are compared to the capital letter version of a letter. Recessive alleles exist. as a letter's lower case; b. A person must inherit the dominant trait from one of their parents in order for them to display it.
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what structure is considered the energy currency of the body? multiple choice polysaccharides amino acids adp atp
The structure that is considered the energy currency of the body is adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The correct answer is the last option.
ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate, which is the body's primary energy source. This molecule is composed of adenosine, a nitrogen-containing compound, and three phosphate groups, which are responsible for ATP's high energy content. ATP is an energy-rich molecule that is used by the body's cells to power a variety of cellular processes. The energy that is stored in ATP is released when one of the phosphate groups is broken off, a process that generates energy that can be used to power cellular processes like muscle contraction, nerve impulses, and biochemical reactions.
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how motor units are used to influence the strength of whole muscle contraction and how the size of a motor unit influences the precision of muscle contraction (control)
Motor units influence the strength of the whole muscle directly whereas the precision of muscle contraction is inversely affected by the size of the motor unit.
A motor unit consists of a motor neuron and the muscle fibers that it activates. The strength of whole muscle contraction is determined by the number of motor units that are activated.
If more motor units are activated, the muscle contraction will be stronger. If fewer motor units are activated, muscle contraction will be weaker. This is known as the size principle, which states that smaller motor units are activated first, followed by larger motor units as more force is needed.
The size of a motor unit influences the precision of muscle contraction (control) by determining the number of muscle fibers that are controlled by a single motor neuron.
Small motor units control a small number of muscle fibers, which allows for fine control and precision. Large motor units control a larger number of muscle fibers, which allows for greater force production but less precision.
Muscles that require fine control, such as those in the fingers and eyes, have small motor units, while muscles that require more force, such as those in the legs and back, have larger motor units.
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1. the nasal septum is composed of bone and hyaline cartilage. which specific cartilage and bones compose the septum?
The nasal septum is composed of hyaline cartilage and bones. The specific cartilage that makes up the septum is the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone, the septal cartilage, and the vomer bone.
These two structures work together to form a septum that separates the two nasal cavities.
The nasal septum is the wall that divides the nasal cavity into two halves, which are the right and left cavities. It is made up of hyaline cartilage, which is a strong and flexible type of cartilage, and bone.
The perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone and the vomer bone make up the bone part of the septum, while the septal cartilage makes up the cartilage portion.
The septal cartilage extends anteriorly from the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone, forming the anterior portion of the nasal septum. This cartilage is made up of hyaline cartilage and is often referred to as the "quadrangular cartilage."
The vomer bone, on the other hand, is a thin, flat bone that is situated at the bottom of the nasal cavity. It is formed from a pair of bones that fuse together in the middle.
The vomer bone is located at the posterior end of the septum, where it connects to the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone.
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describe the pathway of electron transfer from photosystem ii to photosystem i in light-dependent reactions.
Electron transfer from Photosystem II to Photosystem I occurs in light-dependent reactions, involving the transfer of electrons from a high-energy molecule in Photosystem II to a low-energy molecule in Photosystem I. This electron transfer is facilitated by a series of proteins that shuttle electrons between the two photosystems and generates a proton gradient, which provides the energy for ATP synthesis.
The electron transfer pathway from Photosystem II (PS II) to Photosystem I (PS I) in light-dependent reactions is described below:
The PS II complex, which is found on the thylakoid membranes, absorbs light energy and energizes electrons that travel to Pheophytin (Ph). The Ph passes its energized electron to Quinone A (QA). As a result, the QA molecule gets reduced to Quinol A (QA-).
The reduced QA- molecule transports the electrons to the cytochrome b6f complex through a series of redox reactions. The movement of electrons through cytochrome b6f is coupled with the transfer of protons from the stroma into the lumen, creating a proton gradient between the two regions.
The protons that are moved through the thylakoid membrane during this process are utilized to power the ATP synthase enzyme, which produces ATP.
The electrons are subsequently transferred to Plastoquinone B (PQ). PQH2 transports electrons to the Photosystem I complex (PS I), where they are energized by another photon of light. These electrons are transported to the ferredoxin molecule, where they are used to reduce NADP+ to NADPH.
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Select the correct statement about absorptiona. 30% ingested materials have been absorbed by the end of the large intestine.b. carbohydrates diffuse across the villus epithelium and are then passively transported into blood capillaries.c. if intact fats are transported across the villus epithelium, an immune response may be generated.d. Amino acid transport is linked to sodium transport.The answer could be one choice or multiple choices
The correct statement(s) about absorption is (D) Amino acid transport is linked to sodium transport.
Amino acids are transported across the villus epithelium in the small intestine, and this process is linked to sodium transport.
Amino acids, not proteins, are absorbed; proteins rely on prior digestion to amino acids. Most absorption of amino acids occurs in the jejunum; there is a lesser contribution from the ileum.
Amino acids are absorbed by a co-transport mechanism with sodium ions. Both sodium ion and amino acid combine with a cell surface protein receptor.
There are different receptors for the groups: neutral amino acids, basic amino acids, acidic amino acids
In addition, certain amino acids may have there own specific transporter e.g. proline. The receptor then conveys both molecules to the inside of the cell.
The energy for this transport is derived from the concentration gradient for sodium across the cell membrane. Na-K ATPase transporters actively and continuously pump sodium ions outwards to maintain the gradient.
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what structures appear most distinct between the chimpanzee skeleton, the ancient hominid skeleton and the human skeleton? how do their skeletal structures correspond to the way they moved around?
Answer:
around their waist
How were Darwin's and Lamarck’s theories different?
A. Darwin said it was traits that organisms were born with that were passed on while Lamarck said it was traits the organisms acquired during their lifetime.
B. Lamarck said it was traits that organisms were born with that were passed on while Darwin said it was traits the organisms acquired during their lifetime.
C. Lamarck and Darwin’s theories were the same, but they did not agree on the time it would take for an organism to evolve.
Answer: Their theories are different because Lamarck thought that organisms changed out of need and after a change in the environment and Darwin thought organisms changed by chance when they were born and before there was a change in the environment.
Explanation:
which medication prevents viral infections by priming the immune system against a specific virus? which medication prevents viral infections by priming the immune system against a specific virus? anti-inflammatory vaccine antibiotic diuretic
An anti-inflammatory vaccine is used to prevent viral infections by priming the immune system against a specific virus. It is important to note that antibiotics and diuretics do not have this effect.
The medication that prevents viral infections by priming the immune system against a specific virus is a vaccine. A vaccine is a biological product that improves immunity to a particular disease.
It's a weakened, inactivated, or dead type of the microbe that is causing the disease or part of the microbe's surface proteins, which mimics the actual infection-causing agent.
In conclusion, vaccines are the medications that prevent viral infections by priming the immune system against a specific virus. Therefore, the correct option is anti-inflammatory vaccine.
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The following question may be like this:
Which medication prevents viral infections by priming the immune system against a specific virus?
why do paleontologists frequently revise their ideas about the evolutionary relationships of hominid species
Paleontologists frequently revise their ideas about the evolutionary relationships of hominid species because of several reasons. There is always new evidence available from various sources such as fossils, genetic studies, and anatomical comparisons.
As paleontologists continue to discover and study more fossils, they may discover new features or characteristics that require them to rethink their original hypotheses or theories. The field of paleontology is also constantly evolving, with new technologies and techniques being developed all the time. For example, advances in imaging technology have allowed paleontologists to study fossils in greater detail, revealing new features that were previously impossible to see. Additionally, the use of DNA analysis has provided new insights into the evolutionary relationships between different hominid species.Paleontologists also revise their ideas about the evolutionary relationships of hominid species because of changing perspectives or paradigms within the field. As new theories or hypotheses are proposed, older ideas may be challenged or replaced, leading to a revision of the evolutionary relationships between different hominid species.Overall, the revision of evolutionary relationships is an important part of the scientific process. By revising and updating their ideas, paleontologists can gain a better understanding of how hominids evolved over time, and how they are related to other species within the broader context of evolution.
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large attitudinal scales might result in what type of bias? large attitudinal scales might result in what type of bias? auspices fatigue extremity sampling halo
The correct option is E, Large attitudinal scales might result in Halo type of bias. The halo effect is a type of bias that can occur when large attitudinal scales are used.
This bias can occur when the respondent has a strong positive or negative attitude towards the subject matter, which can then influence their ratings on the scale.
The Halo effect is a cognitive bias that affects our perception of people, products, or brands. It occurs when we allow one positive attribute of someone or something to influence our overall impression and judgment of that entity. For example, if we perceive someone as physically attractive, we may also assume that they have other positive qualities, such as intelligence or kindness, even if we have no evidence to support those assumptions.
Similarly, if we like a certain brand or product, we may be more likely to overlook its flaws or negative aspects. The Halo effect can have both positive and negative consequences. On the one hand, it can lead us to form positive impressions of people or products based on a single positive attribute.
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Complete Question: -
Large attitudinal scales might result in what type of bias?
a.Auspices
b.Fatigue
c.Extremity
d.Sampling
e.Halo
the aquiferous system, a system of pores and canals that function to bring water close to the cells responsible for food ingestion and gas exchange, is characteristic of what group?
The aquiferous system, a system of pores and canals that function to bring water close to the cells responsible for food ingestion and gas exchange, is characteristic of the phylum Porifera.
Porifera is a phylum of animals that are commonly known as sponges. They are multicellular organisms that live in aquatic environments. Sponges have a unique body plan that is characterized by the presence of pores and canals that make up the aquiferous system.
The aquiferous system of sponges is responsible for bringing water close to the cells responsible for food ingestion and gas exchange. Water enters the sponge through small pores called ostia and then flows through the canals to reach the cells that need it.
The sponges are the only group of animals that possess the aquiferous system.
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Each of my nucleotides include a phosphate, sugar, and base
DNA
RNA
Both
the correct answer to your question is: Both DNA and RNA nucleotides include a phosphate, sugar, and base.
The components of nucleic acids, which are extended strands of nucleotides that encode genetic information, are nucleotides. The nucleic acid's backbone is made up of the phosphate group and sugar molecule, and the nitrogenous base is joined to the sugar molecule.
Each nucleotide's phosphate group is joined to the sugar molecule's 5' carbon whereas the nitrogenous base is joined to the sugar molecule's 1' carbon. Along the nucleic acid's backbone, sugar and phosphate molecules alternate with one another and are joined by phosphodiester linkages.
Genetic information is encoded by nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA.
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4. Equally spaced ink marks are made on the radicle of a pea seedling. The seedling,
with its radicle, horizontal as shown, is pinned to a card which is placed in a screw-top
jar with some water. The jar is left in darkness for 24 hours.
(a) Make a drawing to show how the seedling might look after this time.
(b) What is the advantage to the seedling of this type of response?
(c) Why was the jar left in darkness?
a. The drawing is attached
b. The advantage of the type of response seen in the seedling with equally spaced ink marks on its radicle is that it enables the seedling to grow in a specific direction towards a source of water and nutrients.
The jar was left in darkness to eliminate the influence of light on the seedling's response.
What is hydrotropism?Hydrotropism is a type of tropism in which plant roots grow towards or away from moisture.
By having equally spaced ink marks, the seedling can determine the direction of water and nutrients and grow in that direction, which increases its chances of survival and growth.
Plants can also exhibit phototropism, which is the growth or movement of a plant in response to light. By placing the jar in darkness, any response seen in the seedling can be attributed solely to hydrotropism, and not to the influence of light. This helps to ensure that the experiment is controlled and that any observed results are due to the independent variable being tested, which in this case is the presence of water.
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