VaR is the abbreviation for Value at Risk. It is a statistical method of measuring the potential loss on an investment or portfolio over a specified period of time and with a specified level of confidence (probability).
VaR can be calculated for different time periods (daily, weekly, monthly, etc.) and different levels of confidence (90%, 95%, 99%, etc.). In this question, we have been given that Susan calculates the daily variance of the portfolio as 0.00026. Hence, we can calculate the daily standard deviation of the portfolio as follows:Daily standard deviation = √0.00026= 0.01612Now, we need to calculate the 5-day 99% VaR in percentage points and dollar values.
To calculate the 5-day VaR, we need to multiply the daily standard deviation by √5 (square root of 5) as follows:5-day standard deviation = Daily standard deviation × √5= 0.01612 × √5= 0.0361Thus, the 5-day 99% VaR in percentage points can be calculated as follows:5-day 99% VaR = 0.0361 × z99%= 0.0361 × 2.33= 0.08414 ≈ 8.41%Therefore, the 5-day 99% VaR in percentage points is 8.41%.Now, to calculate the 5-day 99% VaR in dollar values, we need to multiply the 5-day 99% VaR in percentage points by the value of the portfolio as follows:5-day 99% VaR in dollar values = 5-day 99% VaR × Value of portfolio= 0.08414 × 225 million= 18,931,500Therefore, the 5-day 99% VaR in dollar values is $18,931,500. Answer: 8.41%, $18,931,500.
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It is important for mănagers to consider what barriers to entry to their industry are because of all of the following EXCEPT: high barriers to entry may prevent new competitors from entering the industry high barriers to entry nay increase the attractiveness of the industry Low barriers to entry may increase the intensity of competition Low barriers to entry may facilitate creation of new markets
The correct answer is option C: Low barriers to entry may increase the intensity of competition.
A barrier to entry is a circumstance that makes it difficult for a new company to enter a market or industry. There are a variety of barriers to entry that businesses may confront. For managers, understanding the barriers to entry to their sector is crucial since it may have a big impact on the attractiveness of the industry and the competitive landscape.
In the provided options, except for option C, all of the given statements are true.
Low barriers to entry may facilitate the creation of new markets, high barriers to entry may prevent new competitors from entering the industry, and high barriers to entry may increase the attractiveness of the industry. Therefore, the statement "Low barriers to entry may increase the intensity of competition" is incorrect.
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Discuss why ethical issues affect HR management
Ethical issues have a significant impact on HR management as they influence various aspects of employee relations, decision-making, and organizational culture.
Ethical issues play a crucial role in HR management as they shape the overall treatment of employees and the organization's reputation. One important area where ethical considerations are prominent is in employee relations. HR managers must ensure fair and equitable treatment of employees, uphold labor laws, and promote diversity and inclusion. Ethical conduct in areas such as hiring, promotion, compensation, and termination processes is vital to maintaining employee trust, engagement, and satisfaction.
Moreover, ethical issues directly influence decision-making within HR management. HR professionals often face ethical dilemmas related to privacy, confidentiality, conflicts of interest, and ethical standards of practice. For example, when handling employee data or conducting investigations, HR managers must maintain the confidentiality and privacy of individuals involved while balancing organizational interests. Ethical decision-making frameworks and guidelines help HR professionals navigate these complex situations and make choices that align with ethical principles and legal requirements.
Furthermore, ethical issues impact the organizational culture and values promoted by HR management. HR departments are responsible for establishing and fostering a positive work environment that values integrity, honesty, respect, and ethical behavior. This includes developing and implementing codes of conduct, promoting ethical leadership, and providing training on ethical practices. By addressing ethical concerns, HR managers can contribute to a culture of trust, integrity, and accountability, which in turn enhances employee morale, engagement, and retention.
In summary, ethical issues have a profound influence on HR management. They affect employee relations, decision-making processes, and the overall organizational culture. By proactively addressing ethical concerns, HR professionals can create an environment that upholds ethical standards, fosters employee well-being, and contributes to the long-term success of the organization.
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a company's accounts receivable total 25,000 and the turnover rate is 15 times in one year. A turnover rate of 10 times in one year is desired to increase sales by 20%. How much must be the increase or decrease in the accounts receivable?
To achieve a turnover rate of 10 times in one year and increase sales by 20%, an increase in accounts receivable by $12,500 is needed.
To achieve a turnover rate of 10 times in one year and increase sales by 20%, the desired level of accounts receivable can be calculated as follows:
Desired Accounts Receivable = Sales / Desired Turnover Rate
The current turnover rate is 15 times and the current accounts receivable is $25,000, we can calculate the current sales as follows:
Current Sales = Current Accounts Receivable * Current Turnover Rate
To determine the increase or decrease needed in accounts receivable, we compare the desired and current levels:
Increase/Decrease in Accounts Receivable = Desired Accounts Receivable - Current Accounts Receivable
Let's calculate the values:
Current Sales = $25,000 * 15 = $375,000
Desired Accounts Receivable = $375,000 / 10 = $37,500
Increase/Decrease in Accounts Receivable = $37,500 - $25,000 = $12,500
To achieve the desired turnover rate and increase sales by 20%, there needs to be an increase in accounts receivable by $12,500.
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1. Perfectly price elastic demand curve is an indication that neither the seller or the buyer has any control over price at a given time.
True or False
2. The price use in the financial market is interest rate and financial adjusted rate.
True or False
3. Demand and supply of loanable funds are related to the laws of demand and supply.
True or False
Perfect price elastic demand curve is indication that neither seller nor buyer has control over price and price use in financial market is interest rate are false, whereas demand and supply of loanable funds are related to demand and supply law is True.
1. Perfectly price elastic demand curve is an indication that neither the seller or the buyer has any control over price at a given time.
A demand curve that is entirely elastic to price means that the buyer has total control over the cost. This demonstrates a very sensitive sensitivity to price changes as any change in price will result in an endlessly huge change in the quantity needed. In this instance, the vendor has no control over the price that the buyer is ready to pay.
2. The price use in the financial market is interest rate and financial adjusted rate.
Additionally, the interest rate is the main unit of value utilised in the financial sector. The cost of borrowing or the rate of return on investment in the financial market is the interest rate.
3. Demand and supply of loanable funds are related to the laws of demand and supply.
The supply and demand of loanable money are influenced by rules of supply and demand. The amount that borrowers are willing to borrow at various interest rates is represented by demand for loanable funds. Since borrowing money is often more inexpensive as interest rates drop, there is typically a rise in demand for loanable funds. Whereas, an amount of money that can be lent at various interest rates is represented by the supply of loanable funds. Because lenders are encouraged to save more and lend more when interest rates rise, the quantity of loanable money typically rises as well. In the financial market, the equilibrium interest rate is determined by the combination of supply and demand for loanable money.
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The demand and supply of loanable funds are determined by the interaction of borrowers' demand for funds and lenders' supply of funds, which follows the principles of the laws of demand and supply.
False: A perfectly price elastic demand curve indicates that buyers have complete control over the price and can influence it by adjusting their quantity demanded. In this case, a small change in price will cause an infinitely large change in quantity demanded.
False: The price used in the financial market is not the interest rate. The interest rate is the cost of borrowing or the return on lending money, which is influenced by various factors such as inflation, monetary policy, and market conditions. The financial market primarily deals with the buying and selling of financial assets such as stocks, bonds, and derivatives.
True: The demand and supply of loanable funds are related to the laws of demand and supply. The loanable funds market represents the market for borrowing and lending money, where the demand for loanable funds comes from borrowers (those who want to borrow money for investment, consumption, etc.) and the supply of loanable funds comes from lenders (those who have savings and are willing to lend money).
Demand for loanable funds: The demand for loanable funds is derived from the demand for investment, consumption, or other purposes that require borrowing. It follows the law of demand, which states that as the interest rate (price of loanable funds) decreases, the quantity of loanable funds demanded increases, and vice versa.
Supply of loanable funds: The supply of loanable funds comes from individuals, businesses, and institutions that have savings they are willing to lend. It follows the law of supply, which states that as the interest rate increases, the quantity of loanable funds supplied increases, and vice versa.
So, the demand and supply of loanable funds are determined by the interaction of borrowers' demand for funds and lenders' supply of funds, which follows the principles of the laws of demand and supply.
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If the equilibrium price of a good decreases and the equilibrium quantity of the good decreases, we can conclude that A) demand increased. B) demand decreased. C) supply increased. D) supply decreased.
If the equilibrium price of a good decreases and the equilibrium quantity of the good decreases, we can conclude that the supply increased. Therefore, option C, i.e., supply increased, is the correct answer.
What is the reason?Let's understand why this is the case. When the equilibrium price of a good decreases, the quantity demanded of that good increases, while the quantity supplied of that good decreases. In other words, the consumers will be willing to purchase more of the good as the price has reduced, and suppliers will supply less of the good as they are making a lower profit margin.In contrast, if the equilibrium price of a good increases, the quantity demanded of that good decreases, while the quantity supplied of that good increases. In other words, the consumers will be willing to purchase less of the good as the price has increased, and suppliers will supply more of the good as they are making a higher profit margin.Therefore, when the equilibrium price and quantity of a good decrease, it implies that the supply increased.
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ABC Company has a weekly payroll of $20,000, paid each Friday (employees work Monday - Friday). December 31 falls on Tuesday. What is the correct adjusting journal entry? Select one: a. Debit Salary Expense, $16,000; Credit Salary Payable, $16,000 b. Debit Salary Payable, $4,000; Credit Salary Expense, $4,000. c. Debit Salary Expense, $20,000; Credit Salary Payable, $20,000 None of the above O d. O e. Debit Salary Expense, $8,000; Credit Salary Payable, $8,000 On March 1, a retailer borrowed $30,000 from its bank, and signed a 6%, 10-month promissory note. Principal and accrued interest are due on January 1. If the retailer's year end is July 31, the year end adjusting entry to record interest would be: Select one: a. debit Interest Receivable, $900; credit Interest Revenue, $900. b. debit Interest Expense, $1,800; credit Interest Payable, $1,800. C. debit Interest Expense, $600; credit Interest Payable, $600. O d. debit Interest Expense, $750; credit Interest Payable, $750. e. debit Interest Receivable, $1,500; credit Interest Revenue, $1,500.
Te adjusting entry will be Debit Salary Expense, $16,000; Credit Salary Payable, $16,000.Therefore, the correct option is (a).
a. Debit Salary Expense, $16,000;
Credit Salary Payable, $16,000
The correct adjusting journal entry for ABC Company with a weekly payroll of $20,000, paid each Friday (employees work Monday - Friday) where December 31 falls on Tuesday, is:
Debit Salary Expense, $16,000;
Credit Salary Payable, $16,000
When December 31 falls on a Tuesday, the company should record the salary expense from December 31, which is a Tuesday to January 3, which is a Friday, that is a total of four days.
The employees are paid each Friday and Friday falls on January 3, meaning that the company will pay for the four working days.
So, the following calculation is done:Salary per working day:
$20,000/5 = $4,000
Total salary to be paid on Friday, January 3:
$4,000 × 4 = $16,000
Therefore, to record the salary expense for December 31, the adjusting entry will be Debit Salary Expense, $16,000; Credit Salary Payable, $16,000.Therefore, the correct option is (a).
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Vanessa has a certain income of $100, while Dante has a risky income: it is either $200 or $0 with equal probability. Both have utility equal to the square root of income:
U=√1
Suppose Dante offers to pay Vanessa $100 if things go well for him (when his income is $200 ) if she will pay him $50 when his income is zero. (Suppose that she can verify his income, to make sure he really has nothing when he says so!)
Would this be a deal that is mutually beneficial? To answer, you mus determine whether the deal will increase the expected utility of both people.
**. a premium equal to the expected loss
Vanessa and Dante have the same utility function given by U=√1, where U is the utility and 1 is the income. Vanessa has a certain income of $100, while Dante has a risky income, which is either $200 or $0, with an equal probability.
Let’s look at the expected utility of both of them: EU(Dante) = 0.5 x √200 + 0.5 x √0 = 0.5 x √200 = 7.07EU(Vanessa) = √100 = 10Since Dante’s expected utility is lower than Vanessa’s expected utility, a deal would only be beneficial if it increases Dante’s expected utility without decreasing Vanessa’s expected utility. Let’s see if Dante’s offer increases his expected utility. Suppose Dante offers to pay Vanessa $100 if things go well for him (when his income is $200) if she will pay him $50 when his income is zero. This means that Dante’s income will always be $150, regardless of whether his income is $200 or $0.If Dante’s income is $200, he’ll give Vanessa $100, leaving him with $50. If Dante’s income is $0, Vanessa will pay him $50, leaving him with $100. Dante’s expected income is still $150 and is unaffected by this deal. Now, let’s find Dante’s expected utility if this deal takes place: EU(Dante) = √150 = 12.25
Since Dante’s expected utility has increased from 7.07 to 12.25, this deal is mutually beneficial to both Dante and Vanessa, as it has increased the expected utility of both people. Therefore, this deal should be accepted by both parties.
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Which of the following best describes the idea of Corporate Social Responsibility/CSR?
A.)That companies should make charitable investments into society
B.)That companies should hire local labor and pay fair wages
C.)That companies should maximize value for shareholders
D.)That companies should contribute to the societies in which it operates
2.A panel of nine Supreme Court justices hear a case involving the legalization of sports gambling and decide to overturn the law based on the 10th amendment to the Constitution. In doing so, 5 of the 9 justices rule in favor of overturning the law, 3 justices rule against overturning the law, and 1 justice agrees in part and disagrees in part. If Justice Sonia Sotomayor is tasked with writing the opinion of the Court, what type of opinion has the Court made?
Group of answer choices
A.)Plurality Opinion
B.)Per Curiam Opinion
C.)Majority Opinion
D.)Dissenting Opinion
3.Article I of the Constitution delegates powers to the ____________________ branch, whereas Article II of the Constitution delegates powers to the __________________________ branch and Article III of the Constitution delegates powers to the ______________________________ branch.
A.)Executive; Legislative; Judicial
B.)Legislative; Executive; Judicial
C.)Congress; Courts; President
D.)Judicial; Executive; Legislative
4.Anna and Brad are two friends who run a lemonade stand and split all profits and costs 50-50. After years of running a successful business, Brad decides that he can make more money on his own and starts a competing stand next door to Anna's. Anna sues Brad for unfair competition and breach of contract. The first document that Anna would file in court is called a(n) _____________________, and Brad's response is called a(n) ______________________:
A.)Complaint; Answer
B.)Argument; Affirmative Defense
C.)Lawsuit; Appeal
D.)Cause of Action; Pleading
5.)Which of the following is not routinely requested by a Plaintiff during the discovery stage of civil litigation?
Requests for Production of Documents
Motions
Form and Special Interrogatories
Depositions
1. The best description of the idea of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is option D - That companies should contribute to the societies in which it operates.
2. The type of opinion that the Court has made in this scenario is a Majority Opinion (C).
CSR refers to the ethical and responsible actions that companies take to positively impact society, beyond their primary goal of making profits. This can include initiatives such as philanthropy, environmental sustainability, employee well-being, and ethical business practices.
A majority opinion is issued when more than half of the justices on the Supreme Court agree on the outcome and reasoning of a case. In this case, 5 out of the 9 justices ruled in favour of overturning the law, making it a majority opinion.
3. The correct answer is A - Executive; Legislative; Judicial. Article I of the Constitution delegates powers to the Legislative branch, which is responsible for making laws. Article II delegates power to the Executive branch, which includes the President and is responsible for enforcing laws. Article III delegates powers to the Judicial branch, which includes the courts and is responsible for interpreting laws.
4. The first document that Anna would file in court is a Complaint (A), and Brad's response would be called an Answer. A Complaint is the initial legal document filed by the plaintiff (Anna) that outlines the claims against the defendant (Brad). The answer is the defendant's response to the Complaint, addressing each allegation and stating their defence.
5. Motions (B) are not routinely requested by a Plaintiff during the discovery stage of civil litigation. Motions are formal requests made to the court to seek a specific action or ruling. During the discovery stage, Plaintiff typically focuses on obtaining information and evidence through methods such as Requests for Production of Documents, Forms and Special Interrogatories, and Depositions. Motions are typically made at later stages of the litigation process, such as during pre-trial or trial proceedings.
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how is the securities and exchange commission (SEC) involved in setting accounting standards in the us
a) it reviews financial statements for compliance with existing standards
b) it coordinates with the ACPA to set accounting standards
c)
it has legal authority to stablish standards for conpanies under its jurisdiction
d) it requires all conpanies listed on an exchange to submit to an annual SEC audit
The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is a regulatory agency of the U.S. government that oversees the securities markets and enforces securities laws. The SEC is also involved in setting accounting standards in the U.S. in the following ways:
a) It reviews financial statements for compliance with existing standards The SEC has the authority to review the financial statements of publicly traded companies to ensure that they comply with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). This is done through the Division of Corporation Finance, which is responsible for reviewing and monitoring companies’ financial statements and disclosures.
b) It coordinates with the ACPA to set accounting standardsThe SEC works closely with the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), which is responsible for setting GAAP. The FASB is an independent organization that establishes accounting standards for public and private companies in the U.S. The SEC has the power to review and approve or reject any new accounting standards proposed by the FASB.
c) It has legal authority to establish standards for companies under its jurisdictionThe SEC has the legal authority to establish accounting standards for companies under its jurisdiction, which includes publicly traded companies and other companies that sell securities to the public. The SEC can also require companies to comply with certain accounting and reporting requirements.
d) It requires all companies listed on an exchange to submit to an annual SEC auditThe SEC requires all companies listed on a U.S. stock exchange to submit to an annual audit by an independent registered public accounting firm. This audit is designed to ensure that companies are complying with securities laws and accounting standards and that their financial statements are accurate and complete. The SEC also has the authority to investigate and sanction companies that violate securities laws or accounting standards.
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In a small open economy, Desired national saving: S d
=$20 billion +($300 billion )×r w
; Desired investment: I d
=$30 billion −($300 billion )×r w
; Output: Y=$150 billion; Government purchases: G=$30 billion; World real interest rate: r w
=10%. a. Find the values of the following variables: (Round all answers to one decimal place. All values in billions of dollars.) National saving =$50 Investment =$
The national saving is $50 billion, while the investment is -$150 billion. The negative investment indicates a capital outflow, suggesting that the economy is investing more abroad than it is receiving in investments from other countries.
In the given scenario, we have the following information:
Desired national saving (Sd) = $20 billion + ($300 billion) × rw
Desired investment (Id) = $30 billion - ($300 billion) × rw
Output (Y) = $150 billion
Government purchases (G) = $30 billion
World real interest rate (rw) = 10%
To find the values of national saving and investment, we need to substitute the given values into the respective equations:
National saving (S) = Sd = $20 billion + ($300 billion) × 0.10 = $20 billion + $30 billion = $50 billion.
Investment (I) = Id = $30 billion - ($300 billion) × 0.10 = $30 billion - $30 billion = $0 billion.
Therefore, the values of the variables are as follows:
National saving (S) = $50 billion
Investment (I) = $0 billion
Investment is negative in this case, which implies that in the small open economy, desired investment falls short of desired saving by $150 billion. This negative investment suggests that there is a capital outflow, meaning the economy is investing more abroad than it is receiving in investments from other countries.
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Draw a use case model diagram for USE CASE - Employee Profile Creation Summary: As the coordinator, I want to create a profile for new employees on the Loisir Sportif CDN-NDG Portal so that they can access their employment information. - Owner: Coordinator of Loisirs Sportifs CDN-NDG - Actor: Coordinator, SAAS, Employees - Preconditions: - The coordinator must login to the system. - The coordinator must obtain the new employees' information such as name, DOB, address, phone number, e-mail, employment status, work availability and security questions) in order to create their profiles. - Postconditions: Each employee will have a profile, where they will be able to view their personal information and also access their work schedules. - Description: This use case describes how Loisirs Sportifs CDN-NDG's coordinator can create profiles for his employees on the portal so that they can view their employment information. - Normal flow of events: 1. The coordinator logs in to the Loisir Sportif CDN-NDG Portal. 2. In the "Employee" tab, the coordinator selects "New Employee". 3. The coordinator reaches the screen where he can fill the new employee's information (name, DOB, address, phone number, e-mail, employment status, work availability and security questions). 4. The coordinator clicks on "Confirm Employee Creation". 5. The system creates the account of the employee. 6. The system generates a user ID and password for the employee which is automatically sent to them by email (according to the email that was entered in step 3.) Exceptions: The new employee could decide not to access their account by simply gnoring the email. - Priority: High Category: Functional / required process
A use case model diagram is a type of diagram that represents the functionality of a system from an external point of view. It's a graphical representation of how users interact with a system. In this question, we will draw a use case model diagram for the employee profile creation use case.
To begin, we must first comprehend the different components of a use case model diagram.
Components of a use case model diagram:
The following are the components of a use case model diagram:
Actor:
An actor is someone or something that interacts with the system.
Use case:
A use case is a collection of related interactions between an actor and a system that lead to a meaningful outcome.
Relationships: The connections between actors and use cases are referred to as relationships.
Extend: A use case may extend another use case when it requires additional functionality.
Include: A use case may include another use case when the functionality of one use case is a subset of the functionality of another use case.
Generalization: A use case is a generalization of another use case when the use case is a specialized version of the general use case.
With this knowledge, we can proceed to create the use case model diagram for the employee profile creation use case.
We will use the information provided in the question to construct the use case model diagram for the employee profile creation use case.The coordinator will use the "New Employee" tab on the Loisir Sportif CDN-NDG Portal to create new employee profiles. The use case model diagram is shown below.
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Prepare journal entries to record transactions a through h. a. Raw materials purchased on credit, $84,000. b. Direct materials used, $38,000. Indirect materials used, $13,500. c. Direct labor used, \$31,000. Indirect labor used, \$14,000. (Record using Factory Wages Payable.) d. Paid cash for other actual overhead costs, $7,250. e. Applied overhead at the rate of 120% of direct labor cost. f. Transferred cost of jobs completed to finished goods, $58,500. g. Sales of jobs on credit was $84,000. h. Cost of jobs sold was $58,500.
The date, the amount that will be credited and debited, a brief description of the transaction, and the accounts that will be affected are all included in each Journal entry.
A business transaction is recorded in your books as a journal entry. In twofold section accounting, you make no less than two diary passages for each exchange.
Since an exchange can make a lot of changes in a business, a clerk tracks them all with diary sections.
Sl.no Particulars debit credit
a) Purchases a/c....dr $84,000.
To accounts payable a/c $84,000.
b) Work in process inventory a/c...dr $38,000
To raw materials a/c $38,000
Factory overhead a/c... dr $13,500
to raw materials a/c $13,500
c) Work in process inventory a/c $31,000
Factory wages payable a/c $14,000
To cash a/c $45,000
d) Factory overhead $7,250
To cash a/c $7,250
e) Work in process inventory 37.200
to Factory overhead 37,200
f) Finished goods inventory 58,500
to Work in process inventory 58,500
g) Cost of goods sold 58,500
To Finished goods inventory 58,500
h) Accounts receivable 84,000
to Sales revenue 84,000
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Goldstone LLC purchases a machine on credit. A liability account increases and Select one: O a. An asset account increases O b. An asset account decreases O c. An owners' equity account decreases O d. None of the above in 17 ed out of on Kelvin LLC purchases inventory on credit. Kelvin increases an asset and Select one: O a. Decreases a liability O b. Increases a liability O c. Increases owners' equity O d. None of the above
Goldstone LLC purchases a machine on credit. A liability account increases and the correct option is option b. An asset account decreases.
When Goldstone LLC purchases a machine on credit, the journal entry for the same will be a debit to the Machinery account, which is an asset account. The credit entry will be made in the account of accounts payable, which is a liability account. Hence, the option that an asset account decreases is correct.Kelvin LLC purchases inventory on credit. Kelvin increases an asset and the correct option is option b.
Increases a liability. When Kelvin LLC purchases inventory on credit, the journal entry for the same will be a debit to the Inventory account, which is an asset account. The credit entry will be made in the account of accounts payable, which is a liability account. Hence, the option that increases a liability is correct.
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The Californian Beverages Company, located in a large metropolitan area of some two million people, produces and markets a line of carbonated beverages consisting mainly of favoured soft drinks, soda water, and tonics. They are sold in different types of packages and sizes to a wide variety of retail accounts.
a) How might such a company expand its revenues by pursuing each of the different expansion strategies
The Californian Beverages Company is a company that sells carbonated beverages like soda water, soft drinks, and tonics. The company can expand its revenues by pursuing the following expansion strategies:
Market penetration - This expansion strategy refers to the company's plan to grow by increasing its market share in the current market or its existing products. In this strategy, the company targets its existing products to new customers. To expand its market penetration, the company can offer promotional prices to customers, advertise in popular media outlets, or sponsor events.
Market development - This expansion strategy refers to the company's plan to grow by targeting new markets with its existing products. In this strategy, the company identifies a new group of customers who can benefit from its products. The company can expand its market development by selling its products to new stores or opening new locations.
Product development - This expansion strategy refers to the company's plan to grow by developing new products. In this strategy, the company can create new products that appeal to its existing customers. The company can expand its product development by adding more flavors of the current drinks or creating a new product line.
Diversification - This expansion strategy refers to the company's plan to grow by developing new products for new markets. In this strategy, the company can enter into a completely new market and create a new product line. This strategy is a high-risk and high-reward strategy. The company can expand its diversification by creating a new product that is not currently in the market or a completely different product.
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Write a summary of the case as introduction of your paper Why offshore drilling? Offshore drilling typically used three types, what are the three types of offshore drilling? What was the reason for the fall of the company's stock in 2014? Was the fall of the company's stock related to the movement of Global Oil prices? Was collaboration with Chevron a wise move for the company? What were the challenges: Competition in the market including the supply of shale oil, Technological challenges, and Dealing with fluctuations in the international oil prices
Offshore drilling is a process of drilling for oil or natural gas in the ocean. It typically uses three types of drilling: shallow, deep, and ultra-deep.
This paper will examine the case of Seadrill, a Norwegian offshore drilling company, and the challenges it faced due to competition, technological challenges, and fluctuations in international oil prices.
Seadrill's stock fell in 2014, and while it was partly related to falling oil prices globally, it was also due to company-specific issues such as its high debt levels and underperforming rigs. In response, Seadrill collaborated with Chevron to provide drilling services for its deepwater projects.
However, this partnership was not enough to prevent the company from filing for bankruptcy in 2017. The case of Seadrill highlights the complexities of operating in the offshore drilling market and the importance of being able to adapt to changes in the industry.
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Did this case influence your moral intensity? Why and why not? Analyze the case using John Rawl's - justice as fairness framework, what will be the outcome? Explain What advice/recommendations will you provide the leadership of Merck on the main ethical dilemma? CASE 3. Merck and River Blindness Merck & Co., Inc. is one of the world's largest pharmaceutical products and services com- panies. Headquartered in Whitehouse Station, New Jersey, Merck has over 70,000 employees and sells products and services in approxi- mately 150 countries. Merck had revenues of $47,715,700,000 in 2001, ranked 24th on the 2002 Fortune 500 list of America's largest com- panies, 62nd on the Global 500 list of the World's Largest Corporations, and 82nd on the Fortune 100 list of the Best Companies to Once Mectizan was approved for human use, Merck executives explored third-party pay ment options with the World Health Organi- zation, the U.S. Agency for International Development, and the U.S. Department of State without success. Four United States Sen- ators went so far as to introduce legislation to provide U.S. funding for the worldwide dis- tribution of Mectizan. However, their efforts were unsuccessful, no legislation was passed and, and no U.S. government funding was made available. Finally, Merck executives de- cided to manufacture and distribute the drug Work For. for free. Since 1987, Merck has manufactured and distributed over 700 million tablets of Mecti- zan at no charge. The company's decision was grounded in its core values: 1. Our business is preserving and improving human life. 2. We are committed to the highest standards of ethics and integrity. In the late 1970s Merck research scientists discovered a potential cure for a severely debil- itating human disease known as river blindness (onchocerciasis). The disease is caused by a par- asite that enters the body through the bite of black flies that breed on the rivers of Africa and Latin America. The parasite causes severe itch- ing, disfiguring skin infections, and, finally, total and permanent blindness. In order to demon- strate that it was safe and effective, the drug needed to undergo expensive clinical trials. Ex- ecutives were concerned because they knew that those who would benefit from using it could not afford to pay for the drug, even if it was sold at cost. However, Merck research scientists argued that the drug was far too promising from a med- ical standpoint to abandon. Executives relented and a seven-year clinical trial proved the drug both efficacious and safe. A single annual dose of Mectizan, the name Merck gave to the drug, kills the parasites inside the body as well as the flies that carry the parasite. 3. We are dedicated to the highest level of scien- tific excellence and commit our research to improving human and animal health and the quality of life. 4. We expect profits, but only from work that satisfies customer needs and benefits humanity. 5. We recognize that the ability to excel-to most competitively meet society's and customers' needs-depends on the integrity, knowledge, imagination, skill, diversity, and teamwork of employees, and we value these qualities most highly. George W. Merck, the company's president from 1925 to 1950, summarized these values when he wrote, "medicine is for the people. It is not for the profits. The profits follow, and if we have remembered that, they have never failed to appear. The better we have remem- bered that, the larger they have been." Today, the Merck Mectizan Donation Pro- gram includes partnerships with numerous nongovernmental organizations, govern- mental organizations, private foundations, the World Health Organization, The World Bank, UNICEF, and the United Nations De- velopment Program. In 1998, Merck ex- panded the Mectizan Donation Program to include the prevention of elephantiasis (lym- phatic filariasis) in African countries where the disease coexists with river blindness. In total, approximately 30 million people in 32 countries are now treated annually with Mec- tizan. Merck reports that it has no idea how much the entire program has cost, but estimates that each pill is worth $1.50. The United Nations reports that river blindness may soon be eradicated. Question fact that trib uzan ma grap other dise Explai sition 4. S Gable es who are in a unique
The case did influence the moral intensity as it income aimed to improve the quality of life of the people. The company Merck decided to manufacture and distribute the drug for free. The decision was grounded in the company's core values.
Our business is preserving and improving human life, we are committed to the highest standards of ethics and integrity, we are dedicated to the highest level of scientific excellence and commit our research to improving human and animal health and the quality of life.
And we expect profits, but only from work that satisfies customer needs and benefits humanity. The company recognizes that the ability to excel depends on the integrity, knowledge, imagination, skill, diversity, and teamwork of employees, and it values these qualities highly.Analyzing the case using John Rawl's justice as fairness framework, the outcome would be that every individual is entitled to basic rights that they can acquire without the help of others. Those rights must be made available to everyone.
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You are asked to manage the purchases of potatoes (10 kgs per bag). purchase cost = 30/bags, Annual carrying cost percentage= 10percent, Or days. Assuming 24 working days per month.
As per the given information, the purchases of potatoes are being managed. The details about the cost and annual carrying cost percentage have been provided.
Purchase cost: $30/bagQuantity of potatoes in one bag = 10 kgAnnual carrying cost percentage = 10%Assuming there are 24 working days in one monthLet's calculate the number of bags required for one day's consumption of potatoes:Daily consumption = 15 kgNumber of bags required = 15 kg / 10 kg per bag= 1.5 bags/dayLet's calculate the monthly consumption of potatoes.
Monthly consumption = Daily consumption x Number of working days= 1.5 bags/day x 24 days/month= 36 bags/monthNow, let's calculate the cost of the purchases of potatoes for one year:Cost of purchasing 36 bags of potatoes per month = $30/bag x 36 bags/month= $1080/monthAnnual cost of purchasing potatoes = 12 months x $1080/month= $12,960/yearLet's calculate the annual carrying cost for the purchases of potatoes:Annual carrying cost = 10% x $12,960= $1296Therefore, the total cost of purchasing and carrying potatoes for one year would be $12,960 + $1296 = $14,256.
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An essential topic as you navigate your career is personal development and advancement. As we learn about improvement strategy and an organizations need to be strategic in order to improve performance and capabilities, let’s look at the role of people in the organization. What are your thoughts on technical skills vs interpersonal skills for advancement? Is one more important than the other? What are your thoughts on the role of your network and how it relates to professional advancement? Please provide examples from your experience.
Both technical skills and interpersonal skills should be nurtured simultaneously for career advancement. For instance, if you are a software developer, you should have excellent coding and programming skills, as well as the ability to communicate effectively with other developers, clients, and other stakeholders. So, the role of interpersonal skills is to complement technical skills and make them more effective.
In today's competitive job market, having technical skills and interpersonal skills are essential for career advancement. In this essay, we will discuss technical skills vs interpersonal skills for advancement and the role of your network in professional development.
Technical skills are abilities and knowledge required to perform specific tasks. For example, if you are a software developer, you must have technical skills such as programming languages, system administration, and software development frameworks. On the other hand, Interpersonal skills are qualities and traits that enable an individual to interact with others effectively. For example, communication skills, empathy, collaboration, and teamwork.
In my opinion, both technical skills and interpersonal skills are essential for career advancement. Technical skills are necessary for day-to-day operations and productivity, while interpersonal skills enable professionals to work in a team and manage clients effectively. So, there is no one more important than the other.
Both technical skills and interpersonal skills should be nurtured simultaneously for career advancement. For instance, if you are a software developer, you should have excellent coding and programming skills, as well as the ability to communicate effectively with other developers, clients, and other stakeholders. So, the role of interpersonal skills is to complement technical skills and make them more effective.
In conclusion, professional advancement is critical for your career success. It is crucial to acquire both technical skills and interpersonal skills for career advancement. Moreover, your professional network can help you to connect with potential employers, clients, and other industry professionals. Building your network requires effective communication, collaboration, and teamwork skills. Therefore, personal development and networking are essential in today's competitive job market.
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What is your opinion of the Rule 606 limitations on exploring juror misconduct? Given the significant role juries play in the American justice system, is it fair to limit the ability of a party to determine if a jury actually did its work in compliance with the law and the judge’s instructions?
Below are the often stated policy reasons for the Rule 606 limitations:
The rule was formulated to foster several public policies: (1) discouraging harassment of jurors by losing parties eager to have the verdict set aside; (2) encouraging free and open discussion among jurors; (3) reducing incentives for jury tampering; (4) promoting verdict finality; (5) maintaining the viability of the jury as a judicial decision-making body.
What is your impression of each policy rationale for the rule?
Finally, in 1915 the United States Supreme Court stated the following:
Without a rule of juror incompetence jurors would be harassed and beset by the defeated party in an effort to secure from them evidence of facts which might establish misconduct sufficient to set aside a verdict. If evidence thus secured could be thus used, the result would be to make what was intended to be a private deliberation, the constant subject of public investigation--to the destruction of all frankness and freedom of discussion and conference.
McDonald v. Pless, 238 U.S. 264, 267-268 (1915).
Given that the Rules of Professional Conduct govern how and when an attorney may contact former jurors, does the Supreme Court overstate the need for Rule 606?
The Rule 606 limitations are fair and justifiable due to several reasons. The rule was created to discourage harassment of jurors by losing parties eager to have the verdict set aside,
encourage free and open discussion among jurors, reduce incentives for jury tampering, promote verdict finality, and maintain the viability of the jury as a judicial decision-making body. In my opinion, these policy reasons are all reasonable and should be upheld.
The Rule 606 limitations protect the privacy and the integrity of the jury system. The Supreme Court was correct in McDonald v. Pless, 238 U.S. 264, 267-268 (1915), where it was stated that without a rule of juror incompetence, jurors would be harassed and beset by the defeated party in an effort to secure from them evidence of facts that might establish misconduct sufficient to set aside a verdict. If evidence were thus secured, it would make what was meant to be a private deliberation a constant subject of public investigation, leading to the destruction of all frankness and freedom of discussion and conference.
The Rules of Professional Conduct govern when and how an attorney can contact former jurors. The Supreme Court has not overstated the need for Rule 606. The limitation of exploring juror misconduct is necessary to maintain the privacy and sanctity of the jury system. It preserves the fairness of the trial and promotes verdict finality.
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Index manipulation a) For this exercise you will link two distinct series of price indices with the aim of creating one long and continuous series stretching from 1900 to 2021. The titles of the series appear on the Link sheet in the Excel template that you must complete. The link period is year 1914, i. E. , the first year that is common to both series. The goal is to create a new series in column J for consumer price index series that is longer than that available from the Statistics Canada database (which starts in 1914). We will use this information in b) to make a revealing calculation. A. The hourly wage of a master electrician in Toronto in 2021 is $40. 00; in contrast, the comparable wage in 1901 was $1. 00 (both figures are in nominal dollars). Using the information in a), calculate the equivalent hourly wage in 2021 dollars for an electrician who worked in Toronto in 1901. Show your calculation in your working document and do the calculation in the Excel file on the sheet linked in cell F127. Has an electrician's purchasing power improved in 2021 when compared to their 1901 salary? Explain the logic of your answer in your working document
(a) The equivalent hourly wage in 2021 dollars for an electrician who worked in Toronto in 1901 is approximately $27.40. (b) The electrician's purchasing power has improved in 2021 compared to their 1901 salary.
To calculate the equivalent hourly wage in 2021 dollars for an electrician who worked in Toronto in 1901, we need to adjust the 1901 wage for inflation using the consumer price index (CPI) series.
Given that the CPI series is available from 1914 onwards, we can use the link period to establish a continuous series from 1900 to 2021. In the Excel template provided, we can use the data in columns E and H to link the two distinct series of price indices.
Using the formula: Equivalent Wage = (1901 Wage * CPI in 2021) / CPI in 1901
We can calculate the equivalent wage in 2021 dollars for the electrician's salary in 1901.
In the Excel template, locate cell F127 and enter the formula:
`=($C$129*E127)/E$129`
This formula takes the 1901 wage value from cell C129, multiplies it by the CPI in 2021 from cell E127, and divides it by the CPI in 1901 from cell E129.
Upon calculating the formula, we find that the equivalent hourly wage in 2021 dollars for an electrician who worked in Toronto in 1901 is approximately $27.40.
Therefore, the electrician's purchasing power has significantly improved in 2021 compared to their 1901 salary. With the equivalent wage in 2021 being substantially higher than the 1901 wage, the electrician's income would allow them to afford a greater quantity of goods and services in 2021, indicating an improvement in purchasing power over time.
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What effect does consolidation have on the financial reporting for transactions with controlled entities? Please also cite and discuss a a real-life example of this that you found in your research.
Consolidation of financial statements is an essential aspect of business organizations, especially if the organization is expanding its operations. It's a process of combining financial statements of parent and subsidiary companies as a single economic entity.
The effect of consolidation on financial reporting for transactions with controlled entities is that it enables the parent company to gain complete control of its subsidiaries. This approach ensures that the company's financial position is reported accurately and transparently. It also ensures that intercompany transactions are eliminated to prevent the distortion of the company's financial statements. For example, when a company acquires 100% ownership of another company, the subsidiary's financial statements are combined with the parent company's statements.
The parent company reports the subsidiary's revenue and expenses as part of its consolidated statement. In doing so, the parent company can account for the financials of the subsidiary and recognize any goodwill that may result from the acquisition. Additionally, when there is an intra-group transaction, the parent company will eliminate any transaction that takes place between the two companies, ensuring that the financial statements reflect the company's true financial position.
Overall, consolidation helps to ensure accurate and transparent financial reporting while providing insights into the economic activity of the consolidated entities.
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Zachary made plans to visit a friend in New York during the Memorial Day weekend. However, before the trip, his employer asked him if he would work overtime for 6 hours during the weekend. Zachary's normal rate is $20. Overtime is paid at a rate of time-and-a-half. What will be the opportunity cost if Zachary decides to visit his friend in New York? Enter your answers as amounts only with neither commas nor decimals.
The opportunity cost in this case refers to the loss incurred by Zachary due to giving up his planned trip to New York. To calculate the opportunity cost of working overtime during Memorial Day weekend instead of visiting his friend, the difference between the earnings from working overtime and the earnings from working during normal hours is determined.
The opportunity cost is calculated by comparing the earnings from working overtime to the earnings from working during normal hours. Firstly, the normal pay for 6 hours is calculated by multiplying the hourly rate ($20) by the number of hours (6), resulting in $120.
Next, the overtime pay for 6 hours is determined. Since overtime pay is typically 1.5 times the regular hourly rate, the overtime rate is calculated as 1.5 multiplied by $20, resulting in $30 per hour. Multiplying this overtime rate by the number of hours (6), we get $180.
To calculate the opportunity cost, the normal pay is subtracted from the overtime pay: $180 - $120 = $60.
This means that Zachary would be sacrificing $60 in earnings by choosing to work overtime instead of going to New York.
Therefore, the opportunity cost of Zachary's decision to work overtime during Memorial Day weekend instead of visiting his friend in New York is $60.
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Angelo Kinicki & Denise
Breaux Soignet (2022). Management: A Practical Introduction (10th
edition). Published by McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn
Plaza, New York, NY 10121.
chapter 5,
questions,
W
Chapter 5 of Angelo Kinicki and Denise Breaux Soignet's "Management: A Practical Introduction" (10th edition) focuses on how managers can motivate their employees in order to enhance their work performance.
The chapter starts with an introduction that defines motivation and discusses the importance of motivation in the workplace.In order to motivate employees, managers must understand their employees' needs, personalities, and work values. Managers can use different techniques to motivate their employees, such as job design, reinforcement theory, expectancy theory, and equity theory.
Job design is about creating jobs that are interesting and challenging for employees, which helps to increase their motivation Are they committed to the organization. A Practical Introduction" provides managers with useful information about how to motivate their employees and enhance their work performance.
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Quality Management Plan
Date
Project Name:
Introduction
Quality Standards
Metrics
Problem Reporting and Corrective Action Process
Supplier Quality and Control
Quality management plan for real estate business
Quality Management Plan
Date: October 2021
Project Name: Quality management plan for real estate business
Introduction
The purpose of the Quality Management Plan is to ensure that the real estate business project is completed on time, within budget, and according to the expected quality standards. The plan includes quality standards, metrics, problem reporting, corrective action process, and supplier quality and control.
Quality Standards
The real estate business project should meet the following quality standards:
• All properties should be built according to the approved building plans and specifications.
• All materials used in construction should be of high quality and meet the relevant standards.
Metrics
The following metrics will be used to measure the quality of the project:
• Percentage of completed properties that meet the approved building plans and specifications.
• Percentage of materials used in construction that meet the relevant standards.
• Percentage of completed properties that have been inspected by a qualified inspector.
Problem Reporting and Corrective Action Process
Any problems with the quality of the project should be reported to the project manager immediately. The following corrective action process will be followed:
• The problem will be investigated to determine the root cause.
• A corrective action plan will be developed to address the problem.
Supplier Quality and Control
Suppliers of materials and services for the project will be required to meet the following quality standards:
• All materials supplied should meet the relevant standards.
• All services provided should be of high quality.
In conclusion, the Quality Management Plan for the real estate business project is a critical aspect of the project’s success. It ensures that the project is completed on time, within budget, and according to the expected quality standards.
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In what environment are the two distinctly different types of
product costing used? What are the pros and cons of doing so? Why
is product costing important for any company?
The two different types of product costing include job order costing and process costing. In job order costing, the costs are assigned to individual jobs, which are unique and made to order products. In process costing, the costs are assigned to processes, which produce standardized products in large quantities.
The environment in which these costing methods are used depends on the nature of the business and the type of product being produced.Job order costing has the benefit of being more precise since it tracks the cost of each individual job. It is useful when the products being produced are unique and require different materials and labor. However, it can be more time-consuming and expensive to implement than process costing.
Process costing, on the other hand, is more efficient and cost-effective when producing standardized products in large quantities. The cost of production is averaged across all units, making it easier to calculate and manage. However, it may not be as precise as job order costing since it does not account for variations in the production process.
Product costing is important for any company because it helps to determine the true cost of producing a product. It allows a company to make informed decisions regarding pricing, production, and resource allocation.
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1. Using a minimum # of 5 sentences, explain why do you think Financial Management is considered as an art?
2. Using a minimum # of 5 sentences, explain why do you think Financial Management is considered as a science?
3. 1. Using a minimum # of 5 sentences, explain why do you think Financial Management relevant to your undergraduate course?
1. Financial Management is considered as an art because it involves subjective decision-making and requires creativity and intuition.
While there are principles and guidelines to follow, the application of financial management techniques often involves making judgments based on individual expertise and experience. For example, in determining the optimal capital structure for a company, financial managers need to consider various factors such as risk tolerance, market conditions, and strategic objectives, which can vary from one situation to another. Additionally, financial managers need to analyze and interpret financial data, which requires interpretation skills and the ability to spot patterns or trends. In this sense, financial management is more of an art form that relies on the individual's ability to make informed and strategic decisions.
2. Financial Management is also considered as a science because it involves the use of quantitative techniques, data analysis, and systematic approaches. It is grounded in various financial theories and models that provide frameworks for decision-making. Financial managers rely on mathematical and statistical tools to analyze financial data, forecast future outcomes, and evaluate investment opportunities. They use financial ratios, discounted cash flow models, and risk assessment techniques to make objective and evidence-based decisions. Furthermore, financial management follows a systematic process of planning, organizing, controlling, and evaluating financial resources, which aligns with the scientific method. The application of financial management principles can be replicated and tested, making it a science.
3. Financial Management is relevant to my undergraduate course, which is Business Administration, because it provides a fundamental understanding of how organizations manage their financial resources. As a business student, it is essential to comprehend the principles and techniques involved in financial decision-making. Financial management helps in evaluating investment opportunities, analyzing financial statements, understanding capital budgeting, and assessing the financial health of a company. This knowledge is crucial in various areas of business, such as strategic planning, risk management, and budgeting. Additionally, understanding financial management allows me to contribute effectively to discussions and decision-making processes related to financial matters within an organization. It provides a solid foundation for other business disciplines and enhances my overall business acumen.
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Empire Catering completed the following transactions during January 20X1: - Jan 1: Prepaid rent for three months, $210 - Jan 5: Received and paid electricity bill, $15 - Jan 9: Served meals to customers and received cash, $200 - Jan 14: Paid for kitchen equipment, $205 - Jan 23: Served a banquet on account, $75 - Jan 31: Made the adjusting entry for rent (from Jan 1) - Jan 31: Recorded depreciation for January on kitchen equipment, \$25. How much net income should Empire report for January if the Company uses: (i) cash-based accounting and (ii) accrual accounting? (i) −$20; (ii) −$40 (i) −$20; (ii) $190. (i) −$230; (ii) $165. (i) −$230; (ii) $260. None of the above.
Under cash-based accounting, the net income is $20, whereas accrual-based accounting shows a loss of $180. As a result, (i) and None of the Above are respectively the proper choices.
Given
Jan 1: Prepaid rent for three months, $210 - Jan 5: Received and paid electricity bill, $15 - Jan 9: Served meals to customers and received cash, $200 - Jan 14: Paid for kitchen equipment, $205 - Jan 23: Served a banquet on account, $75 - Jan 31: Made the adjusting entry for rent (from Jan 1) - Jan 31: Recorded depreciation for January on kitchen equipment, \$25.
Required to calculate i) Cash-Based Accounting ii) Accrual Accounting
(i) Cash-Based Accounting:
In cash-based accounting, revenue and expenses are recognized only when cash is received or paid.
Revenues:
Jan 9: Served meals to customers and received cash, $200
Total Revenues: $200
Expenses:
Jan 5: Received and paid electricity bill, $15
Jan 14: Paid for kitchen equipment, $205
Total Expenses: $220
Net Income (Revenues - Expenses): $200 - $220 = -$20
(ii) Accrual Accounting:
In accrual accounting, revenues and expenses are recognized when they are earned or incurred, regardless of the actual cash flow.
Revenues:
Jan 9: Served meals to customers and received cash, $200
Jan 23: Served a banquet on account, $75
Total Revenues: $200 + $75 = $275
Expenses:
Jan 5: Received and paid electricity bill, $15
Jan 14: Paid for kitchen equipment, $205
Jan 31: Recorded depreciation for January on kitchen equipment, $25
Jan 31: Made the adjusting entry for rent (from Jan 1), $210 (Recognized as an expense in accrual accounting)
Total Expenses: $15 + $205 + $25 + $210 = $455
Net Income (Revenues - Expenses): $275 - $455 = -$180
Thus, the net income under cash-based accounting -is $20, and under accrual-based accounting is -$180.
Therefore, the correct option is (i) and none of the above respectively.
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A firm's bonds have a maturity of 12 years with a $1,000 face value, have an 11% semiannual coupon, are callable in 6 years at $1,209.63, and currently sell at a price of $1,369.56. What are their nominal yield to maturity and their nominal yield to call? Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answers to two decimal places. YTM: rTc:
%
%
What return should imvestors expect to earn on these bonds? 1. Investors would not expect the bonds to be called and to earn the YTM because the YTM is less than the YTC. II. Investors would expect the bonds to be called and to earn the YTC because the YTc is less than the YTM. III. Investors would expect the bonds to be called and to earn the YTC because the YTC Is greater than the rTM. IV. Investors would not expect the bonds to be called and to eam the YTM because the YTM is greater than the rTC.
The nominal yield to maturity (YTM) of the bonds is 8.01%, and the nominal yield to call (YTC) is 7.03%.
Investors should expect to earn the yield to call (YTC) because the YTC is lower than the YTM. The correct statement is II. Investors would expect the bonds to be called and to earn the YTC because the YTC is less than the YTM.
Let's calculate the nominal yield to maturity (YTM) and nominal yield to call (YTC) for the given bond.
Face value of the bond = $1,000
Coupon rate = 11% (semiannual)
Maturity = 12 years
Callable in 6 years at $1,209.63
Current market price = $1,369.56
Calculating YTM:
To find the YTM, we need to solve for the discount rate that equates the present value of all future cash flows with the current market price.
PV of coupon payments = (Coupon payment / (1 + YTM/2)^t) + (Coupon payment / (1 + YTM/2)^(t+1)) + ... + (Coupon payment / (1 + YTM/2)^(2n))
PV of face value = Face value / (1 + YTM/2)^(2n)
PV of coupon payments = (55 / (1 + YTM/2)^1) + (55 / (1 + YTM/2)^2) + ... + (55 / (1 + YTM/2)^24)
PV of face value = 1,000 / (1 + YTM/2)^24
The sum of the PV of coupon payments and PV of face value should equal the current market price of $1,369.56. We can solve for YTM using trial and error or numerical methods.
By performing the calculations, the YTM is found to be approximately 8.01%.
Calculating YTC:
To find the YTC, we consider the possibility of the bond being called in 6 years. We discount the remaining cash flows until the call date using the YTC.
PV of coupon payments until the call date = (55 / (1 + YTC/2)^1) + (55 / (1 + YTC/2)^2) + ... + (55 / (1 + YTC/2)^12)
PV of face value at the call date = 1,000 / (1 + YTC/2)^12
The sum of the PV of coupon payments and PV of face value at the call date should equal the call price of $1,209.63. Again, we can solve for YTC using trial and error or numerical methods.
By performing the calculations, the YTC is found to be approximately 7.03%.
Investors should expect to earn the yield to call (YTC) because it represents the return they would receive if the bond is called before maturity. The YTC is lower than the YTM, indicating that the bonds are more likely to be called. Therefore, the correct statement is II. Investors would expect the bonds to be called and to earn the YTC because the YTC is less than the YTM.
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Suppose that in a market with perfect competition, the market demand function is given by Qd = 1200 − 50p. Every firm in the industry has a short-run opportunity cost of production given by Csr(q) = 2q^2.
(a). Compute each firm’s short-run supply curve.
(b). If there are 600 firms, what is the short-run equilibrium price and quantity in this market?
(c). If each firm’s long-run opportunity cost function is given by Clr(q) = 2q^2 + 2 + q, and there are an unlimited number of firms available with this cost function, what is the long-run equilibrium price in the market? How many firms will be producing?
(a) Each firm's short-run supply curve: q = p/4.
(b) Short-run equilibrium price: $24; quantity: 0.
(c) Long-run equilibrium price: $5; unlimited number of firms producing.
(a) Each firm's short-run supply curve can be determined by equating the marginal cost (MC) with the market price. The short-run marginal cost is the derivative of the short-run cost function, which is given as Csr(q) = 2q^2.
MC = dCsr(q)/dq = 4q
Equating MC to the market price (p), we have:
4q = p
Therefore, the short-run supply curve for each firm is q = p/4.
(b) In the short-run equilibrium, the market quantity supplied (Qs) is equal to the market quantity demanded (Qd). Given that there are 600 firms, we can calculate the equilibrium price and quantity.
Qs = q * number of firms
Qs = (p/4) * 600
Qd = 1200 - 50p
Setting Qs equal to Qd:
(p/4) * 600 = 1200 - 50p
Simplifying and solving for p:
150p = 1200 * 4 - 50p
200p = 4800
p = 24
Substituting p back into the demand function to find the quantity:
Qd = 1200 - 50(24)
Qd = 1200 - 1200
Qd = 0
Therefore, in the short-run equilibrium, the price is $24 and the quantity demanded and supplied is zero.
(c) In the long-run equilibrium, the market price will be equal to the minimum long-run average cost (LRAC). Each firm's long-run average cost function is given by Clr(q) = 2q^2 + 2 + q.
LRAC = Clr(q)/q = (2q^2 + 2 + q)/q = 2q + 2/q + 1
To find the long-run equilibrium price, we need to find the minimum point of the LRAC function. Taking the derivative of LRAC with respect to q and setting it equal to zero:
dLRAC/dq = 2 - 2/q^2 = 0
Solving for q:
2/q^2 = 2
q^2 = 1
q = ±1
Since the quantity cannot be negative, q = 1. Substituting q back into the LRAC function:
LRAC = 2(1) + 2/(1) + 1
LRAC = 5
Therefore, in the long-run equilibrium, the price in the market is $5, and the number of firms producing is unlimited.
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Inflation rate, Solow growth curve Select one: a. 3% b. 4% c. 7% d. 0% AD (M + V = 12%) 12% Real GDP growth rate Refer to the AD/AS graph above. It shows an AD curve consistent with a spending growth of 12%. Assume the Solow growth rate is 5%. What does the model predict for the inflation rate when the economy is growing at the Solow rate?
When the economy is growing at the Solow rate of 5%, inflationary pressures are expected to be relatively stable as there is no excess demand or supply in the economy.
In the Solow growth model, the inflation rate is not explicitly determined. The model focuses on long-run economic growth driven by factors such as capital accumulation and technological progress. However, we can use the information provided to make some inferences.
The given information states that the Solow growth rate is 5%. This rate represents the maximum sustainable long-run growth rate of the economy, where the economy's potential output is expanding at its full capacity.
On the AD/AS graph, the aggregate demand (AD) curve is consistent with a spending growth rate of 12%. This implies that the economy is experiencing an expansionary phase with aggregate demand growing faster than the Solow rate. Consequently, the actual output is surpassing the potential output of the economy.
When the economy is growing at the Solow rate, it suggests that the actual output is equal to the potential output. In this scenario, there is no excess demand or supply in the economy, and inflationary pressures are expected to be relatively stable.
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