How many grams of dry NH4Cl need to be added to 2.50 L of a 0.300 M solution of ammonia, NH3 , to prepare a buffer solution that has a pH of 8.51? Kb for ammonia is 1.8×10−5 .

The n, l, and m1 values for the given orbitals are:

a) 4s: n=4, l=0, m1=0

b) 3d: n=3, l=2, m1=-2,-1,0,1,2

c) 5f: n=5, l=3, m1=-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3

The element with the following valence electron configuration is:

a) 1s²: Helium (He)

b) 6s² * Δ*f¹⁴ * 5d¹ : Gold (Au)

c) 3s² * 3p⁴ : Carbon (C)

d) 4s² * 3d¹⁰ : Zinc (Zn)

The expected electron configurations for the given atoms or ions are:

a) Pb: [Xe] 6s² 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6p²

b) Mo: [Kr] 5s¹ 4d⁵

(Note: Mo ionizes to form a cation with a +6 charge, so the expected configuration for Mo6+ would be [Kr] 4d⁰.)

The arrangement of an atom's or ion's electrons in its atomic orbitals is known as its electron configuration. The arrangement of electrons in an atom's different energy levels or shells is known as its electronic configuration.

The listing of the occupied subshells in ascending energy sequence serves as its representation.

The Aufbau principle, the Pauli exclusion principle, and Hund's rule can all be used to identify the electronic structure of an atom. According to the Aufbau principle, lower energy level orbitals fill up first, followed by higher energy level orbitals.

Each orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons due to the Pauli exclusion principle, which says that no two electrons in an atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers (n, l, m1, and ms).

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Equilibria are chemical reactions that happen with a change in the concentration of the reactants or products. If the forward reaction is favored, a greater concentration of the product will be formed than the reactant(s), and the reaction is said to be favored. If the reverse reaction is favored, a greater concentration of the reactant(s) will be formed and thus the reaction is said to be favored. An equilibrium constant (constant K), is a number that describes the ratio of products to reactants at an equilibrium. K is also referred to as the equilibrium coefficient.

Answer:

1. Kc = [Ba2+][SO42-]

2. Kc = [CH3COO-][H3O+]/[CH3COOH]

Explanation:

The equilibrium constant expression for Kc is the product of the concentrations of the products raised to their stoichiometric coefficients divided by the product of the concentrations of the reactants raised to their stoichiometric coefficients.

1. For the first equilibrium, BaSO4(s) <---->Ba2+(aq) + SO42-(aq), the equilibrium constant expression for Kc is: Kc = [Ba2+][SO42-].

2. For the second equilibrium, CH3COOH (aq) + H2O (l) <—>CH3COO- (aq) + H3O+ (aq), the equilibrium constant expression for Kc is: Kc = [CH3COO-][H3O+]/[CH3COOH].

Note that the concentration of water is not included in the expression because it is a pure liquid and its concentration is considered constant.

Answer: 0.883605 or 0.884

Explanation:

The molar mass of argon is equal to the average atomic mass given in the periodic table, 39.948 g/mol.

Use the molar mass as a conversion factor between mass and moles.

35.3 g×1 mol/39.948 g=0.884 mol

Kelly should line her koi fish pond with clay to ensure that no water leaks out through gravitational water flow.

Clay is a natural material that is used widely in pond and water feature construction. It has excellent water-holding properties and is able to form a waterproof seal when properly installed. Clay liners can be formed using either bentonite clay or kaolin clay, both of which are readily available and relatively inexpensive.

When installing a clay liner, it is important to prepare the pond base by removing any sharp or protruding objects, compacting the soil, and smoothing out any irregularities. The clay liner can then be laid down in layers and compacted to ensure a uniform thickness and a solid seal.

Overall, using a clay liner is an effective way to prevent water from leaking out of a koi fish pond and to maintain a healthy environment for the fish.

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Answer:

1. Use Henry’s law to find the initial concentrations of oxygen and nitrogen gas in water at 25°C. Henry’s law states that the concentration of a gas in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above the liquid. The proportionality constant is called the Henry’s law constant and it depends on the temperature and the nature of the gas and the liquid. The formula for Henry’s law is:

C = kP

where C is the concentration of the gas in the liquid, k is the Henry’s law constant, and P is the partial pressure of the gas.

The solubilities given in the problem are actually the values of k for oxygen and nitrogen gas at 50°C. To find the values of k at 25°C, we need to use a table or a graph that shows how k changes with temperature.

Using this table, we can estimate that k for oxygen at 25°C is about 40 mg/L/atm and k for nitrogen at 25°C is about 20 mg/L/atm.

Now we can plug in the values of k and P to find C for oxygen and nitrogen at 25°C:

C_O2 = k_O2 * P_O2 = 40 mg/L/atm * 0.21 atm = 8.4 mg/L C_N2 = k_N2 * P_N2 = 20 mg/L/atm * 0.78 atm = 15.6 mg/L

2. Use the ideal gas law to find the initial moles of oxygen and nitrogen gas in water at 25°C. The ideal gas law states that the pressure, volume, temperature, and moles of a gas are related by the formula:

PV = nRT

where P is the pressure, V is the volume, n is the moles, R is the universal gas constant, and T is the temperature.

We can rearrange this formula to solve for n:

n = PV/RT

We know that P is 1 atm, V is 1.2 L, R is 0.0821 Latm/molK, and T is 298 K (25°C + 273). We can plug in these values to find n for oxygen and nitrogen:

n_O2 = PV/RT = (1 atm * 1.2 L) / (0.0821 Latm/molK * 298 K) = 0.049 mol n_N2 = PV/RT = (1 atm * 1.2 L) / (0.0821 Latm/molK * 298 K) = 0.049 mol

However, these are not the actual moles of oxygen and nitrogen gas in water, because some of them are dissolved in water. To find the moles of dissolved gas, we need to use the concentration and the volume of water:

n_dissolved_O2 = C_O2 * V = (8.4 mg/L) * (1.2 L) / (1000 mg/g) / (32 g/mol) = 0.00032 mol n_dissolved_N2 = C_N2 * V = (15.6 mg/L) * (1.2 L) / (1000 mg/g) / (28 g/mol) = 0.00067 mol

To find the moles of gas that are not dissolved, we need to subtract the moles of dissolved gas from the total moles:

n_undissolved_O2 = n_O2 - n_dissolved_O2 = 0.049 mol - 0.00032 mol = 0.049 mol n_undissolved_N2 = n_N2 - n_dissolved_N2 = 0.049 mol - 0.00067 mol = 0.048 mol

3. Use Henry’s law again to find the final concentrations of oxygen and nitrogen gas in water at 50°C. We can use the same formula as before, but with different values of k and P:

C_O2 = k_O2 * P_O2 = 27.8 mg/L/atm * 0.21 atm = 5.8 mg/L C_N2 = k_N2 * P_N2 = 14.6 mg/L/atm * 0.78 atm = 11.4 mg/L

4. Use the ideal gas law again to find the final moles of oxygen and nitrogen gas in water at 50°C. We can use the same formula as before, but with different values of V and T:

n_O2 = PV/RT = (1 atm * 1.2 L) / (0.0821 Latm/molK * 323 K) = 0.045 mol n_N2 = PV/RT = (1 atm * 1.2 L) / (0.0821 Latm/molK * 323 K) = 0.045 mol

However, these are not the actual moles of oxygen and nitrogen gas in water, because some of them are dissolved in water. To find the moles of dissolved gas, we need to use the concentration and the volume of water:

n_dissolved_O2 = C_O2 * V = (5.8 mg/L) * (1.2 L) / (1000 mg/g) / (32 g/mol) = 0.00022 mol n_dissolved_N2 = C_N2 * V = (11.4 mg/L) * (1.2 L) / (1000 mg/g) / (28 g/mol) = 0.00049 mol

To find the moles of gas that are not dissolved, we need to subtract the moles of dissolved gas from the total moles:

n_undissolved_O2 = n_O2 - n_dissolved_O2 = 0.045 mol - 0.00022 mol = 0.045 mol n_undissolved_N2 = n_N2 - n_dissolved_N2 = 0.045 mol - 0.00049 mol = 0.044 mol

5. Use the ideal gas law one more time to find the final volume of oxygen and nitrogen gas that bubbles out of water at 50°C. We can use the same formula as before, but with different values of n and P:

V_O2 = nRT/P = (0.045 mol * 0.0821 Latm/molK * 323 K) / (1 atm) = 1.20 L V_N2 = nRT/P = (0.044 mol * 0.0821 Latm/molK * 323 K) / (1 atm) = 1.17 L

6. Add the volumes of oxygen and nitrogen gas to get the total volume of gas that bubbles out of water:

V_total = V_O2 + V_N2 = 1.20 L + 1.17 L = 2.37 L

Therefore, the total volume of nitrogen and oxygen gas that should bubble out of 1.2 L of water upon warming from 25°C to 50°C is 2.4 L using two significant figures.

A mineral is a substance such as tin, salt, or sulphur that is formed naturally in rocks and in the earth. Minerals are additionally observed in small portions in food and drink.

Minerals are integral for three essential reasons: building robust bones and teeth. controlling physique fluids inside and outdoor cells. turning the meals you devour into energy.

Minerals are necessary for your body to remain healthy. Your physique uses minerals for many one of a kind jobs, which include maintaining your bones, muscles, heart, and talent working properly. Minerals are additionally necessary for making enzymes and hormones. There are two types of minerals: macrominerals and hint minerals.

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Answer:

Explanation:Explore this page

About the gas laws calculator

This is an ideal gas law calculator which incorporates the Boyle's law , Charles's law, Avogadro's law and Gay Lussac's law into one easy to use tool you can use as a:

Boyle's Law-

[tex]\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\star\:\sf \underline{ P_1 \: V_1=P_2 \: V_2}\\[/tex]

(Pressure is inversely proportional to the volume)

Where-

As per question, we are given that -

Now that we have all the required values and we are asked to find out that volume which will be occupied if the pressure is adjusted to 80 KPa and the temperature remains unchanged. For that we can put the values and solve for the final volume of helium-

[tex]\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\star\:\sf \underline{ P_1 \: V_1=P_2 \: V_2}[/tex]

[tex]\:\:\:\: \:\:\:\:\:\:\longrightarrow \sf 100 \times 160 = 80 \times V_2\\[/tex]

[tex] \:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\longrightarrow \sf V_2 = \dfrac{100 \times 160}{80}\\[/tex]

[tex] \:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\longrightarrow \sf V_2 =100\times \cancel{\dfrac{ 160}{80}}\\[/tex]

[tex]\:\:\:\: \:\:\:\:\:\:\longrightarrow \sf V_2 = 100 \times 2\\[/tex]

[tex] \:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\longrightarrow \sf \underline{V_2 = 200 \:cm^3 }\\[/tex]

Answer:

The balanced chemical reaction to form ammonia is-

N2 +3H2->2NH3

From the above reaction we can say 3 moles of hydrogen gas(h2) are required to produce 2 moles of ammonia (NH3).

To find the amount of ammonia produced when 12g of hydrogen reacts with excess nitrogen, we need to first convert the mass of hydrogen to moles using its molar mass. The molar mass of hydrogen is 1.008 g/mol, so:

12 g H2 × (1 mol H2 / 1.008 g H2) = 11.905 mol H2

Since the nitrogen is in excess, all 11.905 moles of hydrogen will react. This will produce:

2 mol NH3 / 3 mol H2 × 11.905 mol H2 = 7.937 mol NH3

Finally, we can convert the moles of ammonia to volume using the ideal gas law. Assuming standard temperature and pressure (STP) of 0°C and 1 atm, respectively, the molar volume of an ideal gas is 22.4 L/mol. Therefore:

7.937 mol NH3 × 22.4 L/mol = 177.8 L NH3

So, the volume of ammonia produced when 12g of hydrogen combines with excess nitrogen is 177.8 L.

The molecule that has unpaired electrons based on molecular orbital theory is O2.

What is Electron?

An electron is a subatomic particle with a negative charge that orbits the nucleus of an atom. Electrons have a mass of approximately 9.11 x[tex]10^{-31}[/tex]kilograms and a fundamental unit of charge, which is equal to -1.602 x [tex]10^{-19}[/tex]coulombs. Electrons are involved in chemical reactions and determine the chemical and physical properties of atoms and molecules. They are also involved in the production of electricity and are the basis of modern electronics.

Molecular orbital theory is a model used to explain the bonding of molecules. According to this theory, molecular orbitals are formed by the linear combination of atomic orbitals of the constituent atoms. These molecular orbitals can be bonding or antibonding in nature, and the number of electrons in the bonding and antibonding orbitals determines the stability and reactivity of the molecule.

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The reaction between magnesium (Mg) and potassium sulfate (K2SO4) is a double displacement reaction that occurs in an aqueous solution. The products that will form depend on the solubility of the resulting compounds.

When Mg and K2SO4 react, magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) and potassium (K) will be produced. This is because the magnesium will displace the potassium ion in the potassium sulfate compound, resulting in the formation of magnesium sulfate and potassium metal.

The balanced chemical equation for this reaction is:

2Mg + K2SO4 → MgSO4 + 2K

It is important to note that this reaction will only occur if the magnesium is more reactive than the potassium in the solution. If the opposite were true, no reaction would occur.

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Answer:

Fructose and sucrose

Explanation:

Sucrose gives a positive test as it is a disaccharide consorting of fructose and glucose

Answer:

im just here grabbing points dont take me as rude or anything

Explanation:

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Fe²⁺ is the reducing agent in this reaction.

In the given chemical reaction:

[tex]Cr_2O_7^{2-} + 6Fe_2+ + 14H^+ -- > 2Cr_3+ + 6Fe_3+ + 7H_2O[/tex]

We can see that Fe²⁺ is being oxidized to Fe³⁺ as it loses one electron and its oxidation state increases from +2 to +3. This means that  Fe²⁺ is giving away electrons, which makes it the species that is being oxidized or the reducing agent.

Therefore,  Fe²⁺ is the reducing agent in this reaction.

There are species in a chemical reaction that experience changes in their oxidation states, meaning they either acquire or lose electrons. Because it reduces another species by transferring electrons to it, the species that sheds electrons is known as the reducing agent.

The species that acquires electrons is known as the oxidizing agent because, by taking electrons from another species, it oxidizes that species.

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The given ammonia decomposition reaction on a metal surface is zero-order with respect to ammonia. The rate constant is [tex]1.5 × 10^-6[/tex] mol/L/h and the overall reaction order is zero.

(a) Since the rate remains constant while the concentration of ammonia changes, we can conclude that the reaction is zero-order with respect to ammonia. Therefore, the rate equation is:

rate = [tex]k[NH3]^0[/tex] = k

(b) Using data from the first column, we have:

rate = [tex]k[NH3]^0[/tex]

[tex]1.5 × 10^-6 mol/L/h = k(3.0 × 10^-3 M)^0[/tex]

k =[tex]1.5 × 10^-6[/tex] mol/L/h

(c) The overall order of the reaction is the sum of the orders with respect to each reactant. Since the reaction is zero-order with respect to ammonia, the overall order is zero.

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T2 has a temperature of 58.6 °C in Celsius.

The International System of Units (SI) has two temperature scales: the Kelvin scale and the Celsius scale.In the Celsius scale, which was formerly known as the centigrade scale outside of Sweden, the degree Celsius is the unit of measurement for temperature. The ideal gas law, which asserts that PV = nRT, describes how a gas's temperature, pressure, and volume are related to one another.

Since the pressure and amount of gas in the balloon are assumed to be constant, we can rearrange the equation to solve for the temperature:

[tex]T2 = \frac{(PV1)}{(nRV2) }[/tex]

[tex]T2 =\frac{ (1 atm)(1940 L)}{(1 mol)(8.314 J/mol .K)(3880 L) }[/tex]

T2 = 58.6 ∘C

Therefore,The Celsius temperature, T2 is 58.6°C

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Answer: During diffusion, molecules flow down their concentration gradient.

Explanation:

They're flowing from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Molecules flowing down a concentration gradient is a natural process and does not require energy.

Answer:

4.25^²

Explanation:

pH H*is the same as 4.25^²

When a weak base is titrated with a strong acid, the pH curve is expected to be the inverse of the curve obtained during the titration of a weak acid with a strong base.

Initially, the solution will have a high pH, which will gradually decrease as the acid is added. As the equivalence point is approached, the pH will rapidly decrease until it reaches a minimum value. At the equivalence point, the pH will be equal to 7. After the equivalence point, the pH will gradually increase as the excess acid is titrated by the base until it reaches a final high pH value.

Therefore, the pH curve expected for titration of a weak base with a strong acid will have a shape similar to the curve obtained for titration of a weak acid with a strong base, but inverted along the y-axis.

The pH curve  for titration of a weak base with a strong acid is attached below.

According to the Arrhenius concept, base is defined as a substance which yields hydroxyl ions on dissociation.These ions react with the hydrogen ions of acids to produce salt in an acid-base reaction.

Bases have a pH higher than seven as they yield hydroxyl ions on dissociation.They are soapy in touch and have a bitter taste.According to the Lowry-Bronsted concept, base is defined as a substance which accepts protons .Base react violently with acids to produce salts .Aqueous solutions of bases can be used to conduct electricity .They can also be used as indicators in acid-base titrations.

They are used in the manufacture of soaps,paper, bleaching powder.Calcium hydroxide ,a base is used to clean sulfur dioxide gas while magnesium hydroxide can be used as an antacid to cure acidity.

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This substance's empirical formula is [tex]C_{27}H_{48}O[/tex].

The empirical formula for a compound is the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms of each element present in the compound. In this case, the compound contains 324 g of C, 48.5 g of H and 16.0 g of O. To calculate the empirical formula, we divide the mass of each element by its atomic mass. For C, divide 324 g by 12.01 g/mol, for H divide 48.5 g by 1.008 g/mol, and for O divide 16.0 g by 16.00 g/mol. Doing this gives us 27 moles of C, 48 moles of H and 1 mole of O. Since the numbers are not whole numbers, they need to be reduced to the lowest whole-number ratio. To do this, divide each number by the smallest of the three, which is 1 mole of O. This gives us 27 moles of C, 48 moles of H and 1 mole of O.Hence, this compound's empirical formula is [tex]C_{27}H_{48}O[/tex].

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It took 19 minutes for 1.0L Cl₂ gas to effuse under identical conditions.

1.0 L He = 4.5 min

1.0 L Cl₂ = x min

1.0 L He = 4.5 min = 0.22[tex]\frac{L}{min}[/tex]

Now, find the rate of Cl₂ using the molar mass of Cl₂ divided by the molar mass of He:   [tex]\frac{0.22}{xCl2}[/tex]   = 0.52 [tex]\frac{L}{min}[/tex]

Now, we need to solve for the time Cl₂ to effuse through a porous barrier, by setting it up as a proportion;

[tex]\frac{0.52L}{1 min}[/tex]   =  [tex]\frac{1.0L}{x min}[/tex]

   = 19 minutes.

Hence, It tooks 19 minutes for 1.0L Cl₂ gas to effuse under identical conditions.

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The CO gas produced in the first equation is used in the second equation to produce CO2 in the final equation.

In the intermediate equations, solid carbon (C) and molecular oxygen (O2) are transformed into gaseous carbon monoxide (CO), which is then reacted with more oxygen to produce carbon dioxide (CO2).

The final chemical equation can be created by combining the intermediate equations and cancelling out the intermediate reactant and product (CO and O2) to obtain the overall balanced equation for the reaction:

C(g) + O2(s) = CO2 (g)

Thus, the CO generated in the first equation is consumed in the second equation and does not show up in the third and final equation. The two intermediate reactions' combined outcome is represented by the final equation, which only includes the reactants (C and O2) and product (CO2).

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the normality of the solution that results when 4.0g of Al(NO₃)₃ (MW = 213.0) is dissolved in enough water to give 250mL of solution the molarity of the solution is 0.0751 M.

To calculate the normality and molarity of the solution, we need to know the number of moles of Al(NO₃)₃ in the solution.

The number of moles can be calculated as:

moles = mass / molar mass

where mass is the mass of Al(NO₃)₃ and molar mass is the molecular weight of Al(NO₃)₃.

Substituting the given values, we get:

moles = 4.0 g / 213.0 g/mol = 0.01878 mol

The volume of the solution is given as 250 mL, which is equivalent to 0.25 L.

The normality of the solution is defined as the number of equivalents of solute per liter of solution. For Al(NO₃)₃, each mole of the compound produces 3 moles of ions, so the number of equivalents of Al(NO₃)₃ is:

equivalents = moles x 3

Substituting the value of moles, we get:

equivalents = 0.01878 mol x 3 = 0.05634 eq

The normality can now be calculated as:

normality = equivalents / volume

Substituting the given values, we get:

normality = 0.05634 eq / 0.25 L = 0.225 N

Therefore, the normality of the solution is 0.225 N.

The molarity of the solution is defined as the number of moles of solute per liter of solution. The number of moles of Al(NO₃)₃ in 250 mL of solution is the same as the number of moles in 1 L of solution, which is 0.01878 mol. Therefore, the molarity of the solution is:

molarity = moles / volume

Substituting the given values, we get:

molarity = 0.01878 mol / 0.25 L = 0.0751 M

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Answer:

With the adsorption of cations like zinc as Zn (OH)+ or ZnCl+ or both, the anion exchange is known to increase. The solid phase has an impact on the anions' concentration in the soil solution. Anions are negatively adsorbed as a result of the exchange complex's overall negative charge.

Explanation:

o solve this problem, we need to use the relation between pOH, pH, and the dissociation constant of the conjugate base of the weak acid, which is given by:

Kb = Kw / Ka

where Kb is the dissociation constant of the conjugate base, Ka is the dissociation constant of the weak acid, and Kw is the ion product constant of water, which is 1.0 x 10^-14 at 25°C.

First, we need to find the pH of the solution, since we know the pOH:

pH + pOH = 14

pH = 14 - 4.90 = 9.10

The weak acid in this case is the acetic acid (CH3COOH), which dissociates in water according to the equation:

CH3COOH + H2O ↔ CH3COO- + H3O+

The dissociation constant of acetic acid (Ka) is 1.8 x 10^-5 at 25°C. We can use this value and the relation between Ka and Kb to find Kb:

Kb = Kw / Ka = 1.0 x 10^-14 / 1.8 x 10^-5 = 5.56 x 10^-10

Therefore, the Kb of acetate is 5.56 x 10^-10.

The carbon cycle most affects living organisms. Carbon is an essential element for life, as it is a major component of organic molecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

The carbon cycle describes the movement of carbon between living and non-living components of the Earth's biosphere, including the atmosphere, oceans, and land. Through processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and combustion, carbon is exchanged between organisms and the environment, influencing the growth and survival of living organisms.

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Hydrogen is the limiting reactant and chlorine is in excess since there is less hydrogen chloride that can be made from it (4.56 g) than there is chlorine (51.7 g) that can. As a result, 4.56 g of hydrogen chloride can be generated.

Let's first determine how much hydrogen chloride can be made from 0.490 g of hydrogen. We'll convert from moles of hydrogen to moles of hydrogen chloride using the balanced chemical equation:

1 mole of H2 yields 2 moles of HCl.

4.56 g HCl is equal to 0.490 g H2 times (1 mole H2 / 2.016 g H2), 2 moles HCl to 1 mole H2, and 36.46 g HCl to 1 mole H2.

The result is that 4.56 g of hydrogen chloride may be made from 0.490 g of hydrogen.

Let's now determine how much hydrogen chloride 50 g of chlorine can yield:

Cl2 creates 2 moles of HCl from 1 mole.

50.0 g Cl2 multiplied by (1 mole Cl2/70.90 g Cl2), (2 moles HCl/Mole Cl2), and (36.46 g/Mole Cl2) results in 51.7 g HCl.

The result is that 50.0 g of chlorine can make 51.7 g of hydrogen chloride.

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Answer:

we're is the diagram I don't see it