Discuss why a consensual definition of law has been difficult?

The core assumption or presupposition of utilitarianism is A. social contract

The core assumption or presupposition of utilitarianism is that the moral value of an action should be judged based on its ability to maximize overall happiness or pleasure and minimize overall suffering or pain for the greatest number of people affected by the action.

This is often referred to as the principle of utility, which is the foundation of utilitarianism. Utilitarianism is a consequentialist ethical theory, which means that it judges the morality of actions based on their consequences.

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When a defendant is offered an alternative to criminal trial and a possible prison sentence, it is called a plea bargain.

A plea bargain is a legal agreement between the prosecutor and the defendant in which the defendant accepts responsibility for the crime in exchange for a reduced sentence or a lesser charge.

The prosecution's main goal is to obtain a conviction in the case, but they may choose to offer a plea bargain to the defendant as a way to save time, money, and resources associated with a trial.

In a plea bargain, the defendant admits to the crime and agrees to cooperate with the prosecution. In exchange, the prosecutor agrees to reduce the charges or recommend a lighter sentence. This can result in a more lenient sentence for the defendant, as well as a quicker resolution to the case.

Plea bargains are common in the criminal justice system, and can be a valuable tool for both prosecutors and defendants.

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Option (B) Making it easier for voters to identify candidates who share their values.

The United States in 1800 became the first nation to develop nascent political parties organised on a national basis to accomplish the transfer of executive power from one faction to another via an election. The development and expansion of political parties that followed was closely linked to the broadening of voting rights. In the early days of the republic, only male property owners could vote, but that restriction began to erode in the early 19th century as the result of immigration, the growth of cities and other democratizing forces, such as the westward expansion of the country. Over the decades, the right to vote was extended to ever larger numbers of the adult population as restrictions based on property ownership, race and sex were eliminated. As the electorate expanded, the political parties evolved to mobilize the growing mass of voters as the means of political control. Political parties became institutionalized to accomplish this essential task. Thus, parties in America emerged as a part of democratic expansion, and, beginning in the 1830s, they became firmly established and powerful.

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If a store was just robbed and it belongs to you, you should call the police and tell them

If William spent $30,000 on a brand-new car on January 1, 2022, and he uses it only for work, his maximum depreciation deduction for that year would be $18,000 using the MACRS depreciation method.

The TCJA increased the deduction to 100% in the year that qualifying property is put into service through 2022, with a subsequent 20% reduction in the amount each year until bonus depreciation expires in 2027, barring any further action by Congress.

For instance, if your company spends $2,800,000 on real estate, you will have exceeded the quota by $100,000. Hence, the maximum amount you can spend under Section 179 is $980,000 ($1,080,000 less $100,000). You are only permitted to deduct up to your business' net income for the year—you can't deduct more money than you made.

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Answer:

Explanation:

There are several types of DNA found in cells, including:

Nuclear DNA: This is the most well-known type of DNA and is found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It contains the genetic instructions for the development and function of all living organisms.

Mitochondrial DNA: Mitochondrial DNA is found in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and is responsible for the production of energy within the cell. It is inherited exclusively from the mother.

Chloroplast DNA: Chloroplast DNA is found in the chloroplasts of plant cells and is responsible for photosynthesis. Like mitochondrial DNA, it is inherited exclusively from the mother.

Plasmid DNA: Plasmid DNA is found in bacteria and some other prokaryotic cells. It is a small, circular piece of DNA that is separate from the bacterial chromosome and can replicate independently.

Viral DNA: Viral DNA is found in viruses and is responsible for the replication of the virus within the host cell.

Each of these types of DNA plays a unique role in the function and survival of cells, and understanding their structure and function is essential for understanding the biology of life.

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Erich Fromm's theories recently experienced a mini-revival. Fromm's emphasis on the psychological and social facets of human conduct.

Neo-Freudian psychotherapist Erich Fromm proposed a personality theory based on two fundamental needs: the need for freedom and the need for belonging. He advised people to adopt particular personality traits or coping mechanisms to deal with the anxiety brought on by loneliness.

According to Fromm, man has a unique spiritual quality that is not shared by any other creature. He considers his history and future in his own mind. He acknowledges his future and his own futility. The human race is in nature.

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The Sixth and Seventh Amendments guarantee the right to a trial by jury in criminal and civil cases, respectively. The jury is supposed to be impartial, representative, uninfluenced, and competent to ensure a fair trial.

1. Impartial: The jury members should not have any preconceived notions or biases towards the case, ensuring a fair and unbiased trial.

2. Representative: The jury should be comprised of a diverse group of individuals that represents a cross-section of the community.

3. Uninfluenced: Jurors should not be swayed by outside influences or pressures and should make their decision solely based on the evidence and testimony presented during the trial.

4. Competent: Jurors should be capable of understanding the legal issues and evidence presented in the case, enabling them to make an informed decision.

In summary, the jury should be impartial, representative, uninfluenced, and competent to ensure a fair trial in both criminal and civil cases as guaranteed by the Sixth and Seventh Amendments.

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False. If state laws designed to protect minors have stricter requirements than federal laws, the state laws prevail as long as they don't conflict with federal laws or the Constitution.

If state laws have more stringent standards than federal laws, the state laws will take precedence, as long as they do not contradict the Constitution or federal law.

This is because the United States Constitution grants states certain powers, including the authority to control things such as the health, safety, and well-being of their people. If local and federal laws clash, the Supremacy Clause of the United States Constitution grants federal law priority.

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There are several ways to reduce the backlog of criminal cases, including:

Increase funding and resources for the justice system: Additional funding can be used to hire more judges, prosecutors, public defenders, and court staff, and to provide technology and infrastructure upgrades to help streamline processes.

Implement alternative dispute resolution programs: Alternative dispute resolution programs, such as mediation and arbitration, can help reduce the number of cases that go to trial, freeing up resources to focus on more complex cases.

Improve case management and scheduling: Better case management practices can help courts move cases through the system more efficiently. This can include better scheduling of hearings and trials, streamlining administrative processes, and using technology to manage and track case information.

Expand plea bargaining options: Plea bargaining can be an effective way to reduce the number of cases that go to trial. By expanding the range of plea bargaining options available to defendants, prosecutors, and judges, more cases can be resolved quickly and efficiently.

Implement specialized courts: Specialized courts, such as drug courts, mental health courts, and domestic violence courts, can help address specific types of cases more efficiently and effectively than traditional courts.

Increase access to legal services: Many defendants cannot afford legal representation, which can contribute to case backlogs. By increasing access to legal services, such as through public defenders or pro bono programs, defendants can receive legal assistance and representation, which can help cases move more efficiently through the system.

Overall, reducing the backlog of criminal cases requires a multifaceted approach that involves increasing resources, improving processes, and implementing new programs and practices to help move cases through the system more efficiently.

Answer:

Sid committed the tort of negligence by failing to obey a traffic signal and causing harm to Jane while she was lawfully crossing the street.

Sid committed the tort of negligence by failing to observe a stop sign and hitting Jane who was legally crossing the street at the time.

Negligence is a type of tort in which a person's failure to exercise reasonable care causes harm to another person. In this case, Sid had a duty to obey traffic laws and exercise reasonable care while driving his automobile.

By failing to observe the stop sign, he breached this duty and caused harm to Jane who was legally crossing the street. To prove negligence, Jane must show that Sid owed her a duty of care, he breached that duty, and his breach caused her harm. Since Sid failed to observe a stop sign and hit Jane, he is liable for the harm caused to her.

As a result, Jane may be entitled to compensation for her injuries and other damages caused by Sid's negligence.

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The main flaw of tautology, which arises when a theory utilises a concept to explain a reality but that concept is also defined by the thing being explained, is that it undermines biological hypotheses.

With a focus on the conceptual unification provided by evolutionary and developmental approaches, the journal Biological Theory is devoted to theoretical developments in the disciplines of evolution and cognition.

According to the biological positivist idea, a person's traits and actions, which make up their hereditary disposition, are what make them criminals. According to biological positivism, some people are born criminals and some people are not.

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People can propose and enact state laws by gathering signatures on a petition through B. an initiative.

An initiative is a process in which a proposed law or constitutional amendment is put on the ballot and submitted directly to the voters for approval or rejection.

The process begins with the submission of a petition to the relevant government body, typically the state's secretary of state. The petition must contain a certain number of signatures from registered voters, as required by state law.

Once the petition is certified, the proposed law is placed on the ballot for the next general election or a special election called specifically for that purpose.

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Answer:

The legal ethics surrounding the disclosure of information given to attorneys by their clients is a complex issue, and there is no one-size-fits-all answer. However, in general, attorneys have a duty to maintain confidentiality and protect the interests of their clients. This means that they should not disclose information that their clients have provided to them, unless they have been given explicit permission to do so.

However, in situations where the information provided by the client involves the commission of a past unsolved crime, attorneys may face conflicting obligations. On the one hand, they have a duty to maintain confidentiality and protect the interests of their clients. On the other hand, they have a duty to uphold the law and protect public safety.

Ultimately, the decision to disclose information about a past unsolved crime should be made on a case-by-case basis, taking into account all relevant legal and ethical considerations. Attorneys should consider the potential risks and benefits of disclosure, as well as the potential consequences for their clients, before making any decisions about whether to disclose such information.

Explanation:

Answer:

In the context of law, "proof" refers to the evidence presented to support a claim or assertion, and the level of certainty that the evidence establishes. The proof is used to convince a judge or jury that a particular fact or proposition is true and to satisfy the burden of proof required to establish a legal claim or defense.

Answer:

Explanation:

Proof is defined as twice the alcohol (ethanol) content by volume. For example, a whisky with 50% alcohol is 100-proof whiskey

Answer:

Explanation:

Statutory law and constitutional law are both important sources of law, but they have different origins, purposes, and scopes. Here are the main differences between the two:

1. Statutory law is created by legislative bodies, such as Congress or state legislatures, and is written down in statutes or codes. Constitutional law, on the other hand, derives from the Constitution and other founding documents, such as the Bill of Rights.

2. Statutory law is designed to regulate specific activities or conduct within society, such as traffic laws, criminal laws, or environmental regulations. Constitutional law, in contrast, is focused on the fundamental principles and structures of government, such as the separation of powers, individual rights, and federalism.

3.  Statutory law has a narrower scope than constitutional law, as it only applies to the specific subject matter it regulates. Constitutional law, in contrast, applies to the entire system of government and has broad implications for individual rights and liberties.

4. Statutory law can be easily amended or repealed by the legislative body that created it, whereas constitutional law is much more difficult to change, as it requires the approval of a supermajority of lawmakers or a constitutional convention.

5. Statutory law is generally interpreted by the courts to determine its meaning and scope, but constitutional law is often interpreted by the Supreme Court or other high courts to establish its meaning and application.

In summary, statutory law and constitutional law serve different purposes and have different origins, scopes, amendment processes, and methods of interpretation. While statutory law regulates specific activities and conduct within society, constitutional law provides the foundational principles and structures of government and protects individual rights and liberties.

A trial court is similar to an appeals court as c. both are judicial bodies and form case law.

An appeals court and a district court are both legal institutions that create case law. The other choices, though, may not apply to both district judges and appeals courts. Trial courts do not always have jurors; some cases may be resolved solely by the judge. The jury system is absent from appeals courts, which only examine the judgements rendered by subordinate courts.

Trial courts typically hear questions of fact and reach preliminary conclusions based on the evidence provided, whereas appeals courts typically concentrate on legal issues and assess the rulings rendered by the lesser court. Trial courts and appeals courts both receive evidence, though the intent and reach of the testimony may vary depending on the court.

Complete Question:

A trial court is similar to an appeals court in what way?

a. both have juries.

b. both hear questions of fact.

c. both are judicial and form case law.

d. both hear testimony.

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Answer:William the Conqueror's 1066 invasion of England furthered the concept of law in ways still practiced today by introducing the Norman legal system to England[1][2][3]. This system was based on the idea of a centralized monarchy and a strong, uniform legal code, which helped to establish the rule of law and reduce the power of local lords[1][2]. The Norman legal system also introduced the concept of trial by jury, which is still used in many countries today[1][3]. Additionally, the invasion led to the compilation of the Domesday Book, a comprehensive survey of land ownership and taxation that helped to establish a more efficient and equitable system of taxation[1][3].

B. It is designed to provide a refresher to experienced officers on basic issues such as the use-of-force policy in a police department.

A senior officer may discipline him by giving him a warning if it is claimed (by a citizen or peer) that he has been disrespectful, behaved improperly, abused his authority, or neglected to perform his task.

Enforcement of economic laws and the pursuit of economic crime in India are the responsibilities of the Directorate of Enforcement (ED), a law enforcement and economic intelligence organisation. It is a component of the Ministry of Finance's Department of Revenue in India.

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Complete question:

In the context of policing, which of the following statements is true about in-service training?

A. It is the least effective training tool in communicating new state legislations or court decisions to experienced police officers.

B. It is designed to provide a refresher to experienced officers on basic issues such as the use-of-force policy in a police department.

C. It is usually given to new recruits before they join their police departments.

D. It is primarily used to weed out new recruits who underperform during their probationary period.

Another term for the initial hearing is ​arraignment. The defendant is brought before the court for the first time during an arraignment to hear the charges against them and to make a plea.

A formal presentation of an unlawful charging document in front of the defendant to notify them of the allegations against them is known as an arraignment. In certain states, the accused is required to make a plea in response to the arraignment; in other jurisdictions, there is no plea requirement.

Two steps are involved in the hearing process in federal courts. The original arraignment is the first step and needs to happen within 48 hours of the arrest, or 72 hours if the person was taken into custody over the weekend and can't appear before a judge until Monday. The defendant is told of the charges that will be brought against them at this point, along with his or her right to hire legal representation. The presiding magistrate also determines the level of the bail, if any. The defendant is permitted to make a plea at the post-indictment arraignment (PIA), which is the second phase.

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2.1 - Civil case, the court with jurisdiction would depend on the location where the lawsuit was filed and the laws of that jurisdiction.

2.2 - Civil case, the court with jurisdiction would depend on the location where the divorce was filed and the laws of that jurisdiction.

2.3 - Criminal case, the court with jurisdiction would be the criminal court in the jurisdiction where the assault occurred.

2.4 - Criminal case, the court with jurisdiction would be the criminal court in the jurisdiction where the assault occurred.

2.5 - Criminal case, the court with jurisdiction would be the criminal court in the jurisdiction where the child was taken.

The criminologist who said that "discontent where there is no political solution leads to crime" was Stuart Hall.

A criminologist is a social scientist who studies crime, criminal behavior, and the criminal justice system. They analyze various aspects of crime, including its causes, patterns, and effects, as well as the response to crime by law enforcement and the criminal justice system.

Criminologists may conduct research to identify and understand the factors that contribute to criminal behavior, such as social, economic, and psychological factors, and develop strategies to prevent and reduce crime.

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The statement is true. The Volunteer Protection Act (VPA) of 1997 provides immunity from certain types of lawsuits to volunteers who work for nonprofit organizations or governmental entities, including volunteer coaches.

Specifically, the VPA protects volunteers from liability for harm caused by their acts or omissions that are the result of simple negligence while performing their duties as volunteers.

The VPA also provides immunity for harm caused by the volunteer's conduct that constitutes "willful or criminal misconduct, gross negligence, reckless misconduct, or a conscious, flagrant indifference to the rights or safety of the individual harmed by the volunteer."

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Answer:

courts martial in 1971, following his involvement in the killing of hundreds of unarmed Vietnamese civilians, including women and children, during the Vietnam War. The atrocities committed by Calley and his platoon were a clear violation of the Geneva Conventions, which prohibit the targeting of non-combatants in war. Similarly, the Abu Ghraib prison scandal in Iraq in 2004 brought to light the brutal and inhumane treatment of Iraqi prisoners by U.S. military personnel. The photographs and videos that emerged from the prison showed detainees being subjected to physical and sexual abuse, torture, and humiliation. The actions of the soldiers involved in the Abu Ghraib scandal were a clear violation of international law and human rights. In both cases, the soldiers involved were prosecuted and faced punishment for their actions. The question of whether soldiers in the military should be prosecuted for killing or torturing enemies captured

A. The psychological theory of crime is the one that has most significantly expanded the criminological vocabulary by introducing the idea of motive.

According to psychological theories of crime, individual variations in thought processes are what lead to criminal behaviour. Thoughts and feelings are regarded to be the driving forces behind a person's behaviours, according to a variety of psychological theories.

Based on the research of Sigmund Freud, some of the first psychological theories of crime were developed (1856–1939). According to Freud, the "id," a vast reservoir of primal urges that require satisfaction, exists in all human beings.

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1. Spatter: The patterns created when a bloody object comes in contact with another surface; also called contact patterns.

2. Passive: The type of blood stain created by the force of gravity which creates drops or blood pools.

3. Transfer: The bloodstains created by the application of force to the area where the blood originated.

4. Spines: The pointed edges of a stain that radiate out form the spatter; can help determine the direction from which the blood traveled.

5. Satellite: Small drops of blood that break off from the parent spatter when the blood droplet hits a surface.

A vocabulary word refers to any individual word in a language that a person knows and uses for communication. Vocabulary is an essential component of language acquisition and communication, as it enables individuals to express their ideas and thoughts more accurately and effectively.

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Mark Murphy and John Kendall may be sued for the mortgage debt and the property may be foreclosed upon by First Bank and Trust Company. Ruth Thomas cannot be sued, and state law and the purchase agreements govern her options for redress against Kendall and Murphy.

In 2018, Chicago's Byline Bank formally bought Evanston, Illinois' First Bank & Trust (FB&T), a community and commercial bank. Robert Yohanan founded FB&T in the beginning in 1995.

An Indian bank called Oudh Commercial Bank, sometimes known as Awadh Commercial Bank, was founded in Faizabad in 1881 and lasted until it failed in 1958. Being limited liable, it was India's first commercial bank.

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Answer:

The predominance of volunteer firefighters in the United States can be attributed to several factors. First and foremost, firefighting has a strong tradition of community service and volunteerism, with many individuals motivated by a desire to help their neighbors and protect their communities. In many rural areas and small towns, volunteer firefighters are often the only available option due to limited budgets and resources.

Additionally, volunteer firefighting departments are often deeply embedded in their communities, with members serving for years or even decades. This longevity fosters a strong sense of camaraderie and loyalty among members, and can create a tight-knit team that is highly motivated to work together to achieve their goals.

Finally, the cost of maintaining a paid firefighting force can be prohibitive for many communities, particularly in rural areas or smaller towns. Volunteer firefighters provide an important cost-effective alternative, allowing communities to provide essential firefighting services while keeping costs under control.

While paid firefighters are an important part of many larger urban areas, volunteer firefighting departments continue to play a vital role in protecting communities across the country. Their dedication, commitment, and willingness to serve provide a critical resource for ensuring public safety and protecting property.

Explanation:

Answer:

Iraqi forces invaded and annexed Kuwait and Saddam Hussein deposed the Emir of Kuwait, Jaber Al-Sabah, he installed Ali Hassan al-Majid as the new governor of Kuwait. The Iraqi invasion and occupation of Kuwait was unanimously condemned by all major world powers.

Answer:

Based on the information provided, it appears that Jim’s pamphlet may be considered an invitation to treat rather than a legally binding offer. An invitation to treat is an expression of willingness to negotiate and invites others to make an offer. In this case, Jim’s pamphlet could be seen as an invitation for customers to come to his shop and make an offer to purchase the railway sleepers at the special price.

In the case of Partridge v Crittenden [1968], it was held that advertisements are generally considered invitations to treat rather than offers. Similarly, in the case of Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists (Southern) Ltd [1953], it was held that displaying goods with a price tag in a self-service store is also considered an invitation to treat.

Therefore, Jim may not be legally bound to sell the railway sleepers at the lower price stated in the pamphlet. However, this is just general information and should not be taken as legal advice. It is recommended that Jim consults a lawyer for specific legal advice on this matter.

Explanation: