The social construction of both sex and gender: Introduction Sex and gender are two separate concepts that are often conflated.
Sex is the biological distinction between males and females, while gender is the societal norms and expectations linked with sex. This distinction can be observed in the existence of intersex individuals, who have both male and female biological features, as well as trans individuals, who identify as a gender other than their biological sex.
The distinction between sex and gender can be seen in the cultural expectations linked with gender. Societal expectations around gender vary by culture and time period.
Masculinity and femininity are social constructs, rather than biological realities, that are linked with gender.
For example, in Western cultures, the color blue is associated with masculinity and the color pink with femininity. In some cultures, men wear dresses and women wear pants.
Some cultures have more than two genders, such as the hijra in India. The social construction of gender One way to understand gender as a social construct is through the concept of gender roles. Gender roles are the behaviors and tasks that are expected of individuals based on their gender.
In Western cultures, for example, it is common for men to be expected to provide financially for their families, while women are often expected to take care of children and maintain the household.
Gender roles can vary across cultures, and they have changed over time. The way that gender roles are constructed can have real-world impacts on individuals, such as limiting access to job opportunities or subjecting individuals to gender-based violence.
The social construction of sex The idea of sex as a biological binary is also a social construct. While sex is determined by biology, the categorization of individuals into “male” and “female” categories is a cultural construct. Intersex individuals challenge the notion of binary sex, as they possess both male and female biological features.
Medical interventions to “correct” intersex traits can have damaging consequences for individuals, highlighting the ways that cultural norms around sex can harm individuals who do not fit into binary sex categories.
Conclusion: In conclusion, sex and gender are two separate concepts that are often conflated. Gender is a social construct that is linked to societal norms and expectations, while sex is a biological distinction between males and females.
By understanding gender and sex as social constructions, we can better understand the ways that societal expectations and cultural norms can have real-world impacts on individuals.
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1. In your own words explain validity and
reliability of a test paper.
- Define
- Explanation
- Example
2. Why are these TWO (2) principles important
in an assessment.
Validity and reliability are important principles in assessment. The validity of a test is a measure of its ability to measure what it is intended to measure. It is the extent to which a test accurately measures the knowledge or skills it is supposed to measure.
In contrast, reliability is the consistency or stability of the test scores over time. It refers to the degree of consistency of the results obtained from an assessment. Reliability is the ability of a test to produce consistent and stable results over time.
Definition of validity and reliability: Validity can be defined as the extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure. In other words, a test is considered to be valid if it measures what it is supposed to measure. On the other hand, reliability is the degree to which a test produces consistent and stable results over time. In other words, a test is considered to be reliable if it produces consistent results.
Explanation: Validity and reliability are important principles in an assessment because they ensure that the assessment measures what it is supposed to measure and that it produces consistent and accurate results. A test that is valid and reliable is an accurate and trustworthy measure of the knowledge or skills it is intended to measure. For example, a test that is not valid may provide inaccurate results, leading to incorrect decisions about a student's performance. Similarly, a test that is not reliable may produce inconsistent results, making it difficult to draw accurate conclusions about a student's performance.
Example: An example of a valid test is a math test that measures a student's understanding of mathematical concepts and principles. The test is considered to be valid if it accurately measures a student's math knowledge. An example of a reliable test is a reading comprehension test that produces consistent results over time. If a student takes the test multiple times and receives the same score each time, the test is considered to be reliable.
2. Importance of the two principles in assessment, The two principles of validity and reliability are important in assessment because they ensure that the assessment is accurate, consistent, and trustworthy. Without these principles, it is difficult to make informed decisions about a student's performance. A test that is not valid or reliable may produce inaccurate results, leading to incorrect decisions about a student's academic progress. Validity and reliability help to ensure that assessment results are accurate, consistent, and trustworthy.
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One criticism of this assessment tool, as stated by Martin (2018), is "whether it is appropriate to categorize human behavior by pathologizing alternative understanding of the spectrum of human experiences". the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V) the ACE score the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) IQ Test
One criticism of this assessment tool, as stated by Martin (2018), is "whether it is appropriate to categorize human behavior by pathologizing alternative understanding of the spectrum of human experiences" is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V). Option A is the correct answer.
On December 1, 2012, the Board of Trustees of the APA adopted the DSM-5, the fifth version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). It has been 20 years since the manual's last significant revision, the DSM-5. The American Psychiatric Association is the registered owner of the DSM-5 acronym as well as the acronyms for all earlier versions. Option A is the correct answer.
The DSM-5's main flaws are:
It lacks of a scientific foundation.Culture bias results.Common human experience is pathologize by it.It isn't employed by the NIMH for mental health research.It supports a drug-based strategy for therapy.A lifelong condition may theoretically affect everyone.Learn more about Assessment here:
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The complete question is, "One criticism of this assessment tool, as stated by Martin (2018), is "whether it is appropriate to categorize human behavior by pathologizing alternative understanding of the spectrum of human experiences".
A. the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V)
B. the ACE score
C. the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF)
D. IQ Test"
1. Social Learning can be used in at least two distinct senses. True or False
2. Cognitive theories are concerned with explaining______________?
3. The whole is greater than the sum of it's parts" refers to
a. summing up the parts
b. adding to the parts
c. perceiving the organization of the parts
d. perceiving the variety of the parts
1. True. Social learning has multiple interpretations.
2. Cognitive theories explain mental processes.
3. c. The whole is greater than the sum of its parts refers to perceiving the organization of the parts.
1. True. Social learning can indeed be used in at least two distinct senses, depending on the context or perspective being considered.
2. Cognitive theories are concerned with explaining mental processes, such as perception, attention, memory, language, problem-solving, and decision-making. They focus on how individuals acquire, process, and organize information and knowledge.
3. c. perceiving the organization of the parts. The phrase "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts" refers to the concept of emergence, where the collective organization or arrangement of individual parts creates a new entity or phenomenon that is more than just the sum of its individual components.
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Based on Plato, "The apology." What do you think about the question: Is Socrates a threat to Athen?. Write a short paragraph to support your argument
Socrates was not a direct threat to Athens, as his philosophical teachings aimed at promoting self-reflection and critical thinking among the citizens.
Socrates, as depicted in Plato's "The Apology," was a philosopher who sought to encourage self-examination and intellectual inquiry among the Athenian citizens. His method of relentless questioning, known as the Socratic method, aimed to uncover the truth and expose the flaws in people's beliefs. While his intentions were to promote knowledge and virtue, his unyielding pursuit of truth often led him to challenge conventional wisdom and authority figures, including politicians, poets, and artisans.
Socrates' actions were seen as a threat to the established order in Athens. By questioning the traditional values and beliefs held by the Athenians, he created discomfort and skepticism among the citizens. Moreover, his teachings attracted a loyal following of young men, some of whom eventually became influential figures themselves. This worried the ruling elite, who perceived Socrates as potentially inciting rebellion or undermining their authority.
Consequently, Socrates' trial and subsequent execution were not primarily motivated by a direct threat he posed to Athens, but rather by his perceived influence on the younger generation and his persistent challenge to established norms. Despite his intentions to guide others towards wisdom, his unconventional methods and his refusal to compromise his beliefs ultimately led to his demise.
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Passage A Councilman Wallace has argued that we need to repair the asphalt on Sims Road. But have you heard about the scandal that Mr. Wallace was involved in last year? He was accused of stealing money from his church's offering plate, though all the charges were eventually dropped. In any case, I move that Mr. Wallace's proposal be rejected. Passage A commit a fallacy; specifically, it commit a red herring fallacy. Passage B Some have argued that now is the time to reduce our stockpiles of nuclear arms. But even though the Cold War appears to be over, tensions can resume between nations just as quickly as they eased during the last days of the Cold War. So even though the need for nuclear superiority appears less urgent today, that may change tomorrow. Passage B commit a fallacy; specifically, it commit a red herring fallacy. Passage C The congressman has argued that a slight increase in the federal income tax could go a long way toward addressing the problems that plague our inner cities. Apparently, the congressman thinks we've forgotten about the sex scandal that nearly ruined his marriage a few years back. I've heard his two oldest children were so hurt and embarrassed by the episode that they still won't talk to him. The congressman should figure out how to fix the problems in his own home before he tries to take on the problems that plague our cities. Passage C commit a fallacy; specifically, it commit a red herring fallacy. Passage D The polar ice caps are melting at an accelerated rate, which may eventually cause the extinction of the polar bear species. Since polar bears are a doomed species anyway, we ought to allow poachers to hunt polar bears without regulation. Passage D commit a fallacy; specifically, it commit a red herring fallacy. Passage E Some argue that our city is growing too quickly. Studies do show that a large increase in the number of people moving to this city has led to urban sprawl and has caused the local cougar population to disappear completely. But the cougar was nearly extinct in this area long before the years that the study cites as the beginning of urban sprawl. So there must be other causes for the cougars' disappearance. Passage E commit a fallacy; specifically, it commit a red herring fallacy.
Passage A commits a fallacy.
Passage B does not commit a fallacy.
Passage C commits a fallacy.
Passage D does not commit a fallacy.
Passage E does not commit a fallacy.
Passage A: specifically, it commits an ad hominem fallacy by attacking Councilman Wallace's character instead of addressing the issue of repairing the asphalt on Sims Road.
Passage B: It presents a valid argument by pointing out that tensions between nations can change and advocating for the need to maintain nuclear superiority as a precautionary measure.
Passage C: It commits an ad hominem fallacy by bringing up the congressman's personal scandal to divert attention from the proposal to increase the federal income tax.
Passage D: It presents a valid argument by suggesting that the melting of polar ice caps and the potential extinction of polar bears should not justify allowing unregulated hunting.
Passage E: It presents a valid argument by questioning the correlation between urban sprawl and the disappearance of the local cougar population, suggesting that there may be other causes for their disappearance.
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In their discussion of literature portraying other diverse perspectives, the authors state, "It’s important to understand diversity because it helps build an attitude of open-mindedness and promotes more cooperative interactions. Literature plays a vital role. . . ." In The Disuniting of America (1991) Arthur Schlessinger Jr. argues that the current emphasis on diversity will lead to social separation rather than unity. What are your thoughts?
The authors of the discussion emphasize the importance of understanding diversity in fostering open-mindedness and cooperative interactions, with literature playing a significant role.
However, Arthur Schlessinger Jr., in his book "The Disuniting of America," argues that the emphasis on diversity may result in social separation rather than unity. The discussion surrounding diversity and its impact on society is a complex and multifaceted topic.
While the authors highlight the benefits of understanding diversity in promoting open-mindedness and cooperative interactions, Arthur Schlessinger Jr. presents a contrasting viewpoint in "The Disuniting of America."
Schlessinger expresses concern that the emphasis on diversity may lead to fragmentation and societal divisions rather than fostering unity.
To form a personal opinion on this matter, it is important to consider different perspectives. Embracing diversity does not necessarily imply a disregard for unity but rather an acknowledgment and appreciation of the varied experiences and backgrounds that exist within a society.
Open-mindedness and understanding can contribute to a more inclusive and cohesive society, allowing for the celebration of individual differences while promoting a shared sense of community.
However, it is crucial to address any potential challenges that may arise from the misinterpretation or misapplication of diversity-related initiatives, ensuring that efforts towards inclusivity and unity are balanced and effective.
Ultimately, the question of how diversity impacts society and whether it promotes unity or social separation is a subject of ongoing debate and may vary based on contextual factors.
It is essential to engage in thoughtful discussions, consider different perspectives, and work towards inclusive approaches that foster unity while respecting and valuing the diversity that exists within our communities.
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How do the subfields of anthropology provide us with a better understanding of human behavior throughout time and space? What is the role of ethnocentrism and cultural relativism in anthropology? What are cultural universals? How did the Parthenon reflect Greek culture in a specific time and place? Is it appropriate that the British Museum ""owns"" some important examples of Greek patrimony?
The subfields of anthropology provide a comprehensive understanding of human behavior across cultures and time, with ethnocentrism and cultural relativism playing important roles. Cultural universals are shared elements of culture found in all societies. The Parthenon reflected Greek culture in its religious, political, and artistic aspects. The ownership of Greek artifacts by the British Museum is a complex and debated issue involving cultural heritage and repatriation.
The subfields of anthropology, including cultural anthropology, archaeology, linguistic anthropology, and biological anthropology, provide a comprehensive framework for understanding human behavior across different cultures, time periods, and geographic locations. Cultural anthropology explores the customs, beliefs, and practices of various societies, shedding light on the diversity and complexity of human behavior.
Archaeology delves into the material remains of past cultures, uncovering insights about their social structures and lifeways. Linguistic anthropology examines how language shapes human thought and social interactions.
Biological anthropology explores human evolution, genetics, and physical variation. Together, these subfields offer a multidimensional perspective on human behavior, allowing us to study both the similarities and differences across cultures and throughout history.
Ethnocentrism and cultural relativism are key concepts in anthropology. Ethnocentrism refers to the tendency to view one's own culture as superior to others, while cultural relativism emphasizes understanding and judging other cultures within their own context. Anthropologists strive to adopt a culturally relative perspective, recognizing that each culture has its own unique values, norms, and practices that should be understood within their cultural framework.
Cultural universals are elements of culture that are found in all societies, such as language, family structures, art, and religion. They represent common patterns and behaviors that emerge across different cultures.
The Parthenon, an ancient Greek temple, reflected Greek culture in a specific time and place by embodying their religious beliefs, political ideals, and aesthetic sensibilities. It showcased the importance of Greek gods and goddesses, celebrated the power and prestige of Athens, and exhibited the architectural and artistic achievements of the time.
The question of ownership and the appropriateness of the British Museum "owning" important examples of Greek patrimony is a complex and debated issue. It raises questions about cultural heritage, colonialism, and the repatriation of cultural artifacts. Some argue that these artifacts should be returned to their countries of origin, allowing them to be preserved and celebrated in their cultural context. Others contend that museums provide a global platform for sharing and studying cultural heritage, benefiting both the local and international communities. The topic remains a subject of ongoing dialogue and negotiation among cultural institutions, governments, and indigenous communities.
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Professor Steiner suspects a student has plagiarized a paper because the voice is inconsistent throughout the paper, that is, it reads as if multiple people wrote the paper. What type of plagiarism does Professor Steiner most likely suspect?
1)global plagiarism
2)patchwork plagiarism
3)text stealing
4)self-plagiarism
Professor Steiner suspects that a student has plagiarized a paper assign to him because the voice is inconsistent throughout the paper, that is, it reads as if multiple people wrote the paper. In this case, Professor Steiner most likely suspects patchwork plagiarism. The correct answer is option (2).
Patchwork plagiarism involves taking information or sections from multiple sources and piecing them together without proper citation or attribution. In this case, the inconsistency in the voice throughout the paper suggests that different portions of the paper may have been copied from various sources or written by different individuals, resulting in an inconsistent writing style.
This type of plagiarism can be detected by observing variations in tone, language, or writing style within the same document. Patchwork plagiarism is a common type of plagiarism among students as it appears to be an easy way out of the difficult task of writing an original paper, but it still violates academic honesty. Global plagiarism refers to copying an entire work or significant portions of it without attribution, while text stealing involves directly copying and presenting someone else's work as one's own. Self-plagiarism refers to reusing one's own previously published work without proper citation or disclosure, which is not applicable in this context. Therefore, option (2) is the correct answer.
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How does the Beowulf poet use light and darkness as
symbols of good and evil? Find examples and support your point of
view.
The Beowulf poet uses light and darkness as symbols of good and evil in the text. Light, in the poem, represents a force of goodness, justice, and salvation. Whereas, darkness is the embodiment of evil, greed, and destruction.
For instance, in Beowulf, Grendel is often depicted in association with darkness. Moreover, when Beowulf is facing Grendel’s mother, he lights up the dark waters of the mere to make it possible for him to see her. The examples from the text are as follows: Grendel is often shown in association with darkness: “The monster of evil/ Greedy and cruel tarried but little/ Fell and frantic, and forced from their slumbers/ Thirty of thanemen”.
The arrival of Beowulf and his team is announced by their shining armor: “But now the guests were in the hall, nobles/ Sleepers after the feast; and there with them/ The brave Geat, their hero, rested, awaited/ The morn in Herot, longing for light”.
In the battle with Grendel's mother, Beowulf illuminates the mere to give himself an advantage: “He saw among the treasures/ A sword in an age-old sheath/ That was etched with runes:/ The sword was of Eotenish make,/ Finest of weapons, but so massive/ That no ordinary man could lift/ Its carved and decorated length.
He drew it from its scabbard, fierce/ And battle-sharp, the light of it burned/ His dark, hand, it was like a flame”.Therefore, it can be concluded that the poet of Beowulf uses light and darkness as symbols of good and evil throughout the text.
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1.) Identify one of the five approaches (Phenomenology, Ethnography, Narrative inquiry, Case study research, and grounded theory) in the text that you would use to study this question, and explain why you believe this is the best approach to use for your particular research question. (1-2 Paragraphs)
2.) Describe your criteria for purposively selecting participants for this study. (You can use point form, as many points as you need to adequately answer this question)
3.) Describe which method(s) you would use for collecting data from these participants to answer your research question (If interviews, provide a list of at least 5 interview questions, if observations, describe specifically what, where, when, how long, and how often you will observe)
Ethnography enables the researcher to gain a holistic understanding of the intercultural communication dynamics in the video.
Participants must have direct involvement, diversity, communication expertise, roles, willingness, availability, and representative sample.
In-depth interviews and participant observation can be used to gain a comprehensive understanding of intercultural communication patterns.
For studying this question, the approach of narrative inquiry would be the most suitable. Narrative inquiry focuses on exploring and understanding the lived experiences and stories of individuals. In this case, the research question involves understanding the experiences and perspectives of individuals in a particular context. By employing narrative inquiry, the researcher can delve deep into the personal narratives and stories of participants, allowing for rich and nuanced insights into their experiences with the given phenomenon. This approach enables a comprehensive understanding of the subjective meanings and interpretations individuals attach to their experiences, which aligns well with the research question at hand.
The criteria for purposively selecting participants for this study could include:
Participants who have direct experience or involvement in the specific context or phenomenon being studied.
Participants who represent diverse perspectives and backgrounds related to the research question.
Participants who can provide rich and detailed narratives or stories about their experiences.
Participants who are willing and available to engage in in-depth interviews or discussions.
Participants who can offer insights and perspectives that contribute to the overall understanding of the research question.
These criteria ensure that the selected participants have the necessary knowledge, experiences, and perspectives to provide meaningful contributions to the study.
To collect data from the participants, conducting in-depth interviews would be an appropriate method. Sample interview questions could include:
Can you describe a specific experience related to the research question that stands out to you?
How do you perceive the impact of this experience on your personal or professional life?
Can you share any challenges or obstacles you encountered in relation to the research question?
What strategies or approaches did you employ to navigate these challenges?
How do you believe this phenomenon or context can be improved or addressed?
By conducting interviews, the researcher can capture the participants' narratives, emotions, and perspectives in a more detailed and nuanced manner, allowing for a deeper understanding of their experiences and insights related to the research question
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TRUE / FALSE. "17. Our understanding of the past is set in stone since
historians simply study the facts.
The statement "Our understanding of the past is set in stone since historians simply study the facts" is FALSE.
Explanation: Our understanding of the past is not set in stone. Rather, it is a constantly evolving and changing narrative. Although historians attempt to study the facts, they often interpret those facts differently, leading to different versions of history.
In addition, new information is constantly being discovered and brought to light, which can change our understanding of the past.
For example, in recent years, historians have re-examined the role of marginalized groups in history and have worked to uncover the stories of those who were previously overlooked or ignored.
This has led to a more nuanced and complex understanding of the past.
The statement is False.
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What are the consequences of the fall for human nature (from
Genesis 3)? Your answer in 100-150 words:
The fall from grace that is recorded in Genesis 3 had far-reaching consequences for human nature. These include physical, psychological, and spiritual consequences.
To begin with, Adam and Eve were banished from the Garden of Eden, and they became subject to death. Their sin of disobedience brought forth pain in childbirth, and they would have to toil hard to provide for themselves and their offspring. In terms of psychological effects, the fall from grace led to a fundamental change in the way humans viewed themselves and their surroundings. They became aware of their bareness, which in turn led to feelings of shame and guilt. These feelings of shame and guilt have persisted throughout the ages and are a common part of the human experience.
Finally, there were spiritual consequences of the fall from grace. Adam and Eve's sin separated them from God, and they could no longer enjoy the perfect fellowship they once had with Him. Sin, therefore, became a barrier that prevented humans from experiencing God's fullness. The fall, therefore, had far-reaching consequences that continue to impact human nature to this day. However, the hope is that through Christ's redemptive work, humans can be restored to their original state of fellowship with God.
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TRUE / FALSE. "A logical positivist would believe that the statement ""God
exists"" is meaningful.
A statement like "God exists" cannot be empirically verified or tested through scientific methods, which means it is not considered meaningful according to the principles of logical positivism. The statement is considered to be meaningless by logical positivists. Therefore, the statement wrong.
A logical positivist would not believe that the statement "God exists" is meaningful.
Logical positivism is a school of philosophy that holds that all meaningful statements must be empirically verifiable or at least in principle verifiable through scientific methods. If a statement cannot be verified through empirical evidence or scientific methods, it is considered meaningless.
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Explain what is meant by the "developmental psychopathology
perspective."
The developmental psychopathology perspective is an approach in psychology that focuses on understanding and studying the development of psychological disorders and abnormal behavior across the lifespan. It emphasizes the importance of considering both the normative developmental processes and the individual variations in the manifestation and course of psychopathology.
The developmental psychopathology perspective recognizes that psychological disorders do not occur in isolation but are influenced by various biological, psychological, and social factors. It views psychopathology as a dynamic process that evolves over time, taking into account the interactions between genetic predispositions, environmental influences, and individual characteristics.
This perspective acknowledges that developmental pathways to psychopathology can vary significantly and that there are multiple factors and processes involved in the emergence, maintenance, and resolution of psychological disorders. It highlights the importance of understanding the developmental context and trajectory of abnormal behavior, as well as the potential for resilience and positive development.
By adopting the developmental psychopathology perspective, researchers and practitioners aim to gain a comprehensive understanding of the complex interplay between biological, cognitive, emotional, and social factors in the development of psychological disorders. This approach helps inform the design of prevention, assessment, and intervention strategies that are sensitive to the unique developmental needs and challenges of individuals at different stages of life.
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What myths about athletics, economic class, and white femininity did the film The Price of Gold help to unpack when it comes to American's ideas about sports and the success of individual athletes within the world of competitive sports?
The film, The Price of Gold, helped to unpack a number of myths about athletics, economic class, and white femininity in American ideas about sports and individual athlete success. Here are a few examples of these myths:
Myth 1: Athletic success guarantees financial security - The film debunked the myth that if an athlete achieves success in their sport, they are guaranteed to have financial security for the rest of their lives. The documentary showed that despite her Olympic success, Nancy Kerrigan was not immune to financial problems and still faced financial struggles after her career was over.
Myth 2: White femininity is weak and fragile - The film countered the myth that white femininity is weak and fragile by portraying Nancy Kerrigan as a strong and determined athlete who overcame a brutal attack to return to the ice and compete at the Olympic Games.
Myth 3: Economic class determines athletic success - The Price of Gold also debunked the myth that economic class is the only determinant of athletic success. Despite coming from a working-class family, Nancy Kerrigan was able to achieve Olympic success through her talent, hard work, and determination. Similarly, Tonya Harding, who came from a less privileged background, was able to become a world-class athlete through her natural talent and perseverance.
In conclusion, The Price of Gold helped to unpack a number of myths about athletics, economic class, and white femininity. The documentary showed that athletic success does not guarantee financial security, white femininity is not weak or fragile, and economic class is not the only determinant of athletic success. Instead, the film portrayed Nancy Kerrigan and Tonya Harding as talented, hardworking athletes who overcame significant challenges to achieve success in their sport.
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1. Reference group revers to
a) The difference between a sample’s results and the true result if the entire population had been interviewed.
b) Divisive opinion (polarization)
c) having a common understanding and interest
d) going to rehab -no no no
Option C (having a common understanding and interest) is the correct option.
Reference group refers to having a common understanding and interest in a social situation.
A reference group can be considered as a group of people that you look to for guidance in a particular context. When making choices, people compare themselves to others who are in similar situations, such as coworkers or people in the same age group or social class.
A reference group is a social group that an individual uses as a benchmark for social comparison in the formation of their own attitudes and values. The reference group may be internal (for example, an individual's peers or family) or external (for example, a celebrity or other entity).
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Which of the following is not characteristic of an implicit attitude? a) they could be unconsciously held b) they are easily measured by survey c) it could be negative and therefore not shared with others d) they are not overtly expressed
Implicit attitudes are beliefs or evaluations that are held unconsciously or automatically, making them difficult to measure through traditional survey methods alone. The correct option is B.
Unlike explicit attitudes, which are consciously held and can be easily self-reported, implicit attitudes are typically assessed using indirect measures such as the Implicit Association Test (IAT) or reaction time tasks. These measures tap into automatic associations and implicit biases that may not align with consciously reported attitudes. The correct option is B.
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Complete Question:
Which of the following is not characteristic of an implicit attitude?
a) They could be unconsciously held.
b) They are easily measured by survey.
c) It could be negative and therefore not shared with others.
d) They are not overtly expressed.
QUESTION 10 An example of an indirect agonist of GABA would be: Alprazolam Cannabis Naloxone Ketamine
An example of an indirect agonist of GABA would be cannabis.
GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) is a neurotransmitter that regulates the excitability of neurons and is the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. Direct and indirect agonists are the two sorts of GABA receptor agonists. Direct agonists of GABA activate the GABA receptor directly, while indirect agonists of GABA enhance the effects of GABA by increasing its production, availability, or potency. Indirect agonists of GABA include benzodiazepines, barbiturates, alcohol, and anesthetics. Indirect agonists are useful in the treatment of anxiety, insomnia, and epilepsy, while direct agonists can be used to treat spasticity. The end result of either direct or indirect agonist GABA activation is the same, resulting in increased inhibitory action in the central nervous system. Cannabis is an indirect agonist of GABA.
Cannabis, also known as marijuana, acts on GABA by increasing the level of endocannabinoids in the brain, which are endogenous compounds that activate CB1 receptors. When the CB1 receptors are activated, they inhibit the release of GABA and therefore reduce inhibition, leading to an overall increase in neural activity.
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Students will discuss and provide examples in order to display the various leadership theories illustrated within the film. The following issues discuss leadership lessons learned. The Movie and its examples are provided to educate the reader about the Leadership styles within movies, specifically The Pursuit of Happiness. The aim is for students to apply the theories of leadership covered in-class and their reading to respond to questions on the "fact sheet’.
1) Basic Plot: In your own words, briefly describe the basic plot.
2) Cast of Main Characters: List the main characters and identify the Leader.
3) Summary of the movie: What Leadership Theories and Leadership Styles have you identified from your character analysis of the leader in the movie?
4) From the behavioural perspective, how would you describe the Leader (i.e., the leading main character?
5) Referencing the relevant behavioural perspective/theory. Why does the Leader’s behaviour create such a pronounced reaction from followers?
6) Is the Leader (i.e., the leading main character) intrinsically or extrinsically motivated? Explain your answer.
7) Is there evidence of the application of the Path-Goal Theory of Leadership in this movie? Justify your answer.
8) In general, do you think the leading main character is more task oriented or relationship oriented? Give reasons for your answer.
9) What score do you think the leading main character would get on the Leadership Grid© (formerly the Managerial Grid by Robert R. Blake and Jane S. Mouton)?
10) Do you think the leader (i.e., the leading main character) should change his/her leadership style? Justify your answer (would he/she be more or less effective if he/she changed?
11) Do you think the leader’s approach to leadership is due to his/her gender?
1. Basic plot: Briefly, The Pursuit of Happiness is a movie that is inspired by a true story about a struggling salesman, Chris Gardner, who is trying to make a living in San Francisco. Chris’ wife leaves him and he is left with the responsibility of caring for their five-year-old son. Chris takes an unpaid internship at a stock brokerage firm where he hopes to prove himself and turn his life around.
2. Cast of main characters: Chris Gardner - Will Smith, Christopher - Jaden Smith, Linda - Thandie Newton, Jay Twistle - Brian Howe, Martin Frohm - James Karen, Walter Ribbon - Kurt Fuller,
3. Leadership theories and styles: The transformational leadership style was the most prominent leadership style in the movie. Chris Gardner demonstrates the transformational leadership style as he works tirelessly to provide for his son, putting his needs above his own.
4. Behavioural perspective: Chris Gardner, from a behavioural perspective, is proactive. In the face of challenges, he is persistent and perseveres until he achieves his goals. He has an unyielding drive and work ethic, which is demonstrated throughout the movie.
5. The leader's behaviour and its reaction: Chris’ behaviour creates a pronounced reaction from followers as he provides an example of dedication and determination. Chris becomes an inspiration to his fellow interns as they all witness his work ethic and desire to learn.
6. Intrinsic or extrinsic motivation: Chris Gardner is intrinsically motivated. His motivation comes from his personal values, his desire to provide for his son, and his commitment to making a better life for himself and his son.
7. Application of Path-Goal Theory of Leadership: Yes, the movie shows evidence of the Path-Goal Theory of Leadership as Chris sets goals and provides support for his followers to achieve them. He shows support by offering guidance and mentorship to his fellow interns.
8. Task-oriented or relationship-oriented: Chris Gardner is more task-oriented than relationship-oriented. He is focused on achieving his goals and providing for his son, which is evident in his hard work and dedication to his internship
9. Leadership Grid score: Chris Gardner would score 9,9 on the Leadership Grid©. He shows high concern for both people and production.
10. Changing leadership style: Chris’ leadership style is effective, and he should not change it. It would be less effective if he changed his leadership style.
11. Leadership approach and gender: Chris' approach to leadership is not due to his gender. It is based on his values, beliefs, and past experiences, which have shaped his leadership style.
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Observational Learning
Have you had significant role models in your life? If so, what role did they play in your learning by observation process? If no, then who do you think is maybe looking to you as a role model? How important is observational learning and how does it compare to other learning theories?
Observational learning, also known as social learning or modeling, is a process where individuals learn by observing others' behaviors, actions, and the consequences that follow.
Role models can play a crucial role in this learning process by serving as sources of inspiration and providing examples to emulate. They can influence our attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors, shaping our understanding of what is considered desirable or acceptable.
Observational learning is important because it expands our learning opportunities beyond direct personal experiences. It allows us to acquire new skills, knowledge, and behaviors by observing others, even without undergoing direct reinforcement or punishment. This type of learning is particularly effective for acquiring complex behaviors, cultural norms, and social skills.
In comparison to other learning theories such as classical conditioning and operant conditioning, observational learning emphasizes the role of cognition, attention, and vicarious reinforcement. It recognizes the active role of the learner in processing information, making judgments, and imitating behaviors. It highlights the social aspect of learning and the influence of social models.
While observational learning is a valuable form of learning, it does not negate the importance of other learning theories. Different learning processes and theories can complement each other, and individuals may engage in a combination of learning methods depending on the context and task at hand.
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Natural law theory in all its forms must maintain that: O Morality is subjective. O All of the above. O Contraception is necessarily immoral. Actions can be natural or unnatural.
Natural law theory in all its forms must maintain that actions can be natural or unnatural. Natural law theory is a type of ethical theory that involves the use of reason to deduce moral rules.
Natural law theories are based on the belief that natural law is the foundation of morality. Natural law theory in all its forms must maintain that actions can be natural or unnatural. This is true because natural law theory maintains that people should follow certain actions that are consistent with their nature. These actions are known as natural actions.
Contraception is necessarily immoral is false because Natural law theory does not necessarily take a position on contraception. Morality is subjective is false because natural law theory holds that there are objective moral laws that apply to all people, regardless of their individual beliefs. Therefore, the correct option is : Actions can be natural or unnatural.
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There are many agencies that are actively involved in WCC, though the most well-known are those in the federal government. It should also be mentioned that county DAs and Prosecutors often have a major role in these cases. The FBI gets involved mainly due to the wire fraud statutes along with the interstate aspects of these crimes. Organizations like the Securities and Exchange Commission, The US Treasury Department, The US Attorney, and the Government Accountability Office play major roles. There are a couple of other agencies that play an often unseen and unrecognized, yet important role.
What role do Postal Inspectors play in this? How about the IRS?
Postal Inspectors and the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) play important roles in cases related to White-Collar Crime (WCC).
Postal Inspectors have a crucial role in investigating and prosecuting crimes that involve the use of the U.S. mail system. They are responsible for enforcing laws related to mail fraud, mail theft, and other offenses that involve the postal system. In cases of WCC, where fraudulent schemes often involve the use of the mail for communication or monetary transactions, Postal Inspectors help gather evidence, track down perpetrators, and support prosecutions.
The IRS plays a significant role in combating WCC, particularly in cases involving tax evasion, money laundering, and financial fraud. They have extensive expertise in financial investigations and possess tools to uncover complex financial transactions and identify discrepancies. The IRS has specialized units, such as the Criminal Investigation Division, which focuses on detecting and prosecuting individuals or businesses involved in illegal financial activities. They work closely with other law enforcement agencies and contribute their financial expertise to build strong cases against offenders.
Both Postal Inspectors and the IRS bring unique skills and resources to WCC cases. Their involvement adds a multidimensional approach to investigating and prosecuting white-collar crimes, ensuring that different aspects of these offenses, such as mail-related fraud or financial improprieties, are thoroughly addressed and that offenders are held accountable for their actions.
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(Utilitarianism): Imagine that you are a surgeon with five terminally ill patients. If you could kill a healthy individual and harvest his organs in order to transplant them into the bodies of the five dying patients and thereby save their lives at the expense of the one innocent healthy person, would you do so? Why or why not?
The scenario you presented raises a complex ethical dilemma that intersects with the principles of utilitarianism.
Utilitarianism is a consequentialist ethical theory that suggests the morally right action is the one that maximizes overall happiness or utility. In this case, the question revolves around the principle of maximizing overall happiness by saving the lives of five terminally ill patients at the expense of one innocent healthy person.
From a utilitarian perspective, the decision to sacrifice one healthy individual to save five dying patients could be seen as justifiable if it leads to a net increase in overall happiness. By saving five lives, it can be argued that the greater number of people benefiting from the transplants would result in a greater overall happiness compared to the one healthy individual who would suffer.
However, it is crucial to recognize that this scenario presents profound moral and ethical implications. It challenges our notions of individual rights, the intrinsic value of human life, and the potential for unjustifiable harm to an innocent person. Utilitarianism, as a consequentialist theory, focuses primarily on outcomes, but it is essential to consider other ethical frameworks and principles that emphasize individual rights, justice, and respect for autonomy.
Different individuals may hold varying perspectives on this moral dilemma, and ethical debates surrounding such scenarios are ongoing. It is important to engage in thoughtful discussions that take into account a range of ethical considerations, societal norms, legal frameworks, and individual values when addressing such complex and profound ethical dilemmas.
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TRUE / FALSE.
"From The Reason of Love. True or False.
Boredom is a perfectly harmless state for people."
False. Boredom is not considered a perfectly harmless state for people according to "The Reason of Love."
The statement is false. According to "The Reason of Love," boredom is not seen as a perfectly harmless state for people. Boredom can have negative effects on individuals' well-being and overall satisfaction with life.
Boredom often arises when individuals lack engagement or stimulation in their activities or experiences. It can lead to feelings of restlessness, dissatisfaction, and a sense of emptiness. Boredom can also negatively impact mental health, as it can contribute to feelings of depression or anxiety.
In contrast, "The Reason of Love" emphasizes the importance of finding meaningful pursuits and engaging in activities that align with one's values and interests. By actively seeking out fulfilling experiences, individuals can cultivate a sense of purpose and satisfaction in their lives.
While occasional periods of boredom can prompt individuals to seek new challenges or explore different avenues of interest, chronic or prolonged boredom can be detrimental to one's well-being. Therefore, it is not considered a harmless state but rather a signal for individuals to examine their lives and find ways to bring about more purposeful and engaging experiences.
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3. What is the theoretical goal of psychology according to early behaviorists? a. Identifying the complex components of the conscious mind b. Prediction and control of behavior c. Defining the behavioral differences between man and animal responses d. Analyzing the structure, content, and function of the mind 4. Which of the following is an example of primacy effect? a. You are surprised when you read that, based on research, 1 out of every 20 people in the United States will suffer from depression at some point in their life. b. After finding out that Mary is suffering from major depression, you claim that you've known it all along. c. The first time you meet Mary she seems depressed. Even though she is quite cheerful the next few times you see her, You continue to think of her as a depressed person. d. You are surprised to find out that Mary is suffering from major depression because so many other things in her life have gone badly. 5. When an action potential arrives at the axon's terminal buttons, it causes the vesicles to release varying amounts of chemical messengers called a. Neurotransmitters c. Interneurons b. Hormones d. Particulates
The theoretical goal of psychology according to early behaviorists is prediction and control of behavior. The Correct option is B
Early behaviorists, such as John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner, believed that psychology should focus on observable behavior rather than the complex components of the conscious mind or the structure and function of the mind. They sought to understand behavior through the principles of conditioning and reinforcement, emphasizing the importance of environmental factors in shaping behavior.
Their objective was to predict how individuals would respond to specific stimuli and to develop methods for controlling and modifying behavior based on these predictions. The goal was to establish a scientific approach to psychology that focused on observable and measurable behaviors rather than internal mental processes. The Correct option is B
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FILL THE BLANK.
In ___ families, parent have high expectations for their children. While the children of these families are encouraged to speak up, their thoughts and opinions are regularly disregarded; as the parents want their children to eventually come around to their point of view.
A. Laissez-faire
B. Consensual
C. Pluralistic
D.
Protective
In Protective families, parents have high expectations for their children but often disregard their thoughts and opinions, aiming for eventual alignment with their own views. Option D is correct.
In Protective families, parents maintain high expectations for their children but exhibit a controlling and authoritative parenting style. While children in these families may be encouraged to speak up, their thoughts and opinions are regularly dismissed or overridden by their parents.
The parent's primary objective is for their children to eventually adopt their own point of view, even if it means disregarding the individual perspectives of their children. This dynamic can limit the development of independent thinking and autonomy in children.
Their voices may be suppressed, and they may feel compelled to conform to their parent's beliefs and values, hindering the exploration and expression of their own thoughts and opinions. This approach can lead to a lack of open dialogue and critical thinking within the family, potentially stifling the growth of the children's individuality and self-expression.
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The school as an organization refers to which of the
following?: Structure of the school; Goals of the school;
Bureaucratic characteristics of the school; Functions of the
school; or All of the above.
The school as an organization refers to all of the following: structure, goals, bureaucratic characteristics, and functions of the school.
The school is a complex organization that encompasses various aspects, including its structure, goals, bureaucratic characteristics, and functions. Each of these elements contributes to the overall functioning and identity of the school as an organization.
The structure of the school refers to the formal arrangement of roles, responsibilities, and relationships within the organization. It includes aspects such as the administrative hierarchy, departments, grade levels, and the division of labor among staff members.
The goals of the school represent the desired outcomes and objectives that the organization aims to achieve. These goals may encompass academic achievement, personal development, character education, and community engagement, among others.
Bureaucratic characteristics refer to the administrative and procedural aspects of the school. This includes adherence to rules and regulations, formal decision-making processes, record-keeping, and the hierarchical nature of authority within the organization.
Lastly, the functions of the school encompass the various activities and tasks performed by the organization to fulfill its mission. This includes teaching and learning, curriculum development, assessment and evaluation, student support services, extracurricular activities, and overall management of the educational environment.
In conclusion, the school as an organization encompasses its structure, goals, bureaucratic characteristics, and functions. These aspects are interconnected and shape the overall functioning and purpose of the educational institution.
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How does political ideology influence public policy change? 150
words
Political ideology refers to a particular set of beliefs and values that shape an individual's or group's view on the government, society, and economy. These beliefs influence public policy change in several ways. This essay will examine how political ideology influences public policy change in different areas.
Influence on Economic Policies: Economic policies reflect the beliefs of a political ideology regarding the role of the government in the economy. For example, conservative political ideologies support free-market capitalism, lower taxes, and less government involvement in the economy. Liberal ideologies, on the other hand, tend to support a larger government role in the economy and higher taxes to fund social programs.
Influence on Social Policies: Political ideology also influences social policies. For example, conservative ideologies tend to favor traditional values, while liberal ideologies support progressive values. These values are reflected in policies that regulate social issues such as same-se-x marriage, abortion, and immigration.
Influence on Foreign Policy: Political ideology influences foreign policy as well. For instance, conservative ideologies tend to favor military interventionism, while liberal ideologies tend to prefer diplomacy and peace-building.
Influence on Environmental Policy: Political ideology also influences environmental policy. Conservative ideologies tend to favor industry growth over environmental protection, while liberal ideologies tend to prioritize environmental protection over industrial growth.
Conclusion: Political ideology has a significant impact on public policy change. The beliefs and values of a particular political ideology shape public policy in different areas such as economic policies, social policies, foreign policies, and environmental policies. The political ideology of a government can determine the direction of public policy, as well as the pace and scope of public policy change.
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How does political ideology influence public policy change? 500
words
please answer this question. do not copy paster please
Political ideology plays a significant role in shaping public policy change. It influences the priorities, values, and beliefs that policymakers hold, ultimately impacting the direction and content of policy decisions. While it is impossible to provide an exhaustive analysis in 500 words, I will provide a broad overview of how political ideology influences public policy change.
Firstly, political ideology provides a framework for understanding and interpreting societal issues. Different ideologies, such as liberalism, conservatism, socialism, or libertarianism, offer distinct perspectives on the role of government, individual rights, social equality, and economic systems. These ideologies shape policymakers' views on the nature of problems and the appropriate solutions.
Ideological beliefs guide policymakers in setting policy goals and objectives. For example, liberals may prioritize social equality and advocate for policies that promote income redistribution, affordable healthcare, or education access. Conservatives, on the other hand, might emphasize limited government intervention and favor policies that promote individual freedom, free markets, and fiscal conservatism.
Political ideology also influences policy formation and decision-making processes. Policymakers are often affiliated with political parties or groups that adhere to specific ideologies. These affiliations and ideological orientations shape policy debates, agenda setting, and the selection of policy alternatives. Ideological considerations can determine which policy options are advanced, supported, or blocked.
Moreover, political ideology influences the way policymakers assess evidence and information. Ideological biases can affect the interpretation of data, research findings, and expert opinions. Policymakers may selectively use or dismiss evidence that aligns or conflicts with their ideological perspectives. This phenomenon is known as motivated reasoning and can influence policy choices.
Public opinion and interest groups, which are often influenced by political ideologies, also play a role in shaping policy change. Ideological orientations of the public and interest groups can impact policymakers' decision-making processes as they seek to respond to their constituents or cater to the preferences of influential interest groups aligned with specific ideologies.
Additionally, the dynamics of power and political coalitions are intertwined with ideology and shape policy change. Ideological alignment among policymakers can lead to cohesive voting blocks and alliances, enabling them to advance policy agendas aligned with their shared beliefs. Conversely, ideological differences can hinder policy change or result in compromise and negotiation.
It is important to note that political ideology does not operate in isolation but is influenced by various factors, including social and economic contexts, historical events, and individual beliefs. Moreover, ideological beliefs can evolve over time, leading to shifts in policy priorities and approaches.
In conclusion, political ideology exerts a profound influence on public policy change. It guides policymakers' understanding of societal issues, shapes policy goals and objectives, influences policy formation and decision-making processes, and impacts the interpretation of evidence and information. Public opinion, interest groups, power dynamics, and contextual factors also interact with ideology to shape policy outcomes. Understanding the influence of political ideology is crucial for analyzing and predicting policy changes and their implications for society.
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Lucinda is working on a creaky old boat this summer as part of a research feam. Which of the following needs does Lucinda need to have in place before she pursues her need to belong with the crew? A political candidate recently fook a strong stance on proposed gun laws. After taking this stance the candidate's popularity increased in their riding. Which of the following psychological phenomena is MOST likely related to the candidate's rise in popularity?
Lucinda is working on a creaky old boat this summer as a research team. Before pursuing her need to belong with the crew, she needs to have need of love, because this to belong is the psychological need for interpersonal relationships
This is because the need to belong is the psychological need for interpersonal relationships and social bonding. It reflects the human desire to form and maintain stable and meaningful relationships with others and to be accepted and valued as a member of a group.
Therefore, Lucinda needs to have love and acceptance needs in place before pursuing her need to belong with the crew of the old boat.
The psychological phenomenon that is most likely related to the candidate's rise in popularity is the bandwagon effect. The bandwagon effect refers to the tendency for people to adopt a particular behavior, attitude, or belief because others have done so.
This phenomenon occurs because people tend to conform to the norms and behaviors of the group to which they belong, and they feel more comfortable doing so.
Therefore, the political candidate's popularity increased because people followed the trend of others supporting the candidate's strong stance on the proposed gun laws.
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