Deborah sells bottled water from a small stand by the beach. On the last day of summer vacation, many people are on the beach, and Deborah named Carlos and makes him the following offer: They'll each sell water all day and split their earnings (revenue minus the cost of water) equally at the end of the day.
Deborah knows that if they both work hard, Carlos will earn $80 on the beach and Deborah will earn $160 at her stand will each take home half of their total revenue: $80+$160=$120. If Carlos shirks, he'll generate only $50 in earnings. Deborah does not know that Carlos estimates his personal cost (or disutility) of working hard as opposed to shirking at $20. Once out of Deborah's sight, Carlos faces a dilemma: work hard (put in full effort) or shirk (put in low effort). In terms of Carlos's total utility, it is worse for him to shirk / work hard.
Taking into account the loss in utility that working hard brings to Carlos, Deborah and Carlos har instead of shirking.There are a few arrangements that can ensure that Carlos works hard without making Deborah any worse off than she is when Allow Carlos to keep 62% of the revenue from the bottles of water he sells instead of 50% or Allow Carlos to keep 70% of the revenue from the bottles of water he sells instead of 50%:If Carlos gets to keep 62% of the revenue from the bottles of water he sells instead of 50%:Assuming he works hard and generates $80 in earnings, he will take home (0.62*80)=$49.6.
Deborah will take home (0.50*80)+160=$200. If Carlos shirks, he will take home (0.62*50)=$31. If Deborah and Carlos split, then Deborah takes home (0.50*50)+80=$105. This is less than $120, which is the amount they will split equally. So, it does not make Deborah any worse off. Hence, this arrangement will ensure that Carlos works hard without making Deborah any worse off than she is when he does not work hard. Therefore, option 2 is the correct answer.
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What organizational & technical failures led to the data breach
at Equifax? (Please put where you got your sources from, thank
you!)
The organizational and technical failures that led to the Equifax data breach in 2017 have been extensively discussed and investigated. Sources such as the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Oversight and Government Reform Report highlight the key failures.
These include the company's failure to patch a known vulnerability in a timely manner, inadequate security practices such as weak passwords and lack of encryption, poor communication and response to the breach, insufficient monitoring and detection systems, and issues with executive leadership and governance.
These failures collectively allowed hackers to exploit vulnerabilities, gain unauthorized access to sensitive data, and compromised the personal information of millions of individuals.
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Create an IMPLEMENTATION PLAN for the below Policy :
POLICY PURPOSE:-
1.1 The purpose of the policy is to provide transparency to the submission of summative assessment.
1.2 To provide a way the details are articulated to students.
1.3 To set penalties for work that is submitted late or exceeds the prescribed length.
POLICY STATEMENT:-
2.1 This policy statement refers to all undergraduate and postgraduate coursework submitted for summative assessment for various programmes.
2.2 The purposes of this policy is that which contributes to the final unit mark.
2.3 The Policy also does not apply to assessment that students must attend to complete, such as practical tests, written examinations or work which is marked in the presence of students as part of a continuous assessment model.
CONSULTATION AND ANALYSIS PERFORMED:-
3.1 The performance must be done on school level procedures laid for submission of work for summative assessment.
3.2 All Faculties will be responsible for ensuring that these are procedures laid across the faculty and in accordance with this policy.
3.3 Schools must publish deadlines for the submission of all coursework at the beginning of each semester
APPROPRIATE SUBMISSION EXPECTATIONS:-
4.1 The expectation of this policy is to ensure that the arrangements and procedures for the submission of work for summative assessment are equitable and transparent.
4.2 Students are responsible for managing their time in order to meet published deadlines; multiple deadlines close together are not grounds for mitigation.
4.3 Deadlines may be extended in accordance with the Policy on Mitigating Circumstances.
PERFORMANCE MONITORING OF SUBMISSION EXPECTATIONS:-
5.1 Analyse existing policies according to organisational procedures
5.2 Evaluate improvement needs and opportunities
5.3 Consult with relevant class representatives and confirm need for new assessment development.
ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES:-
6.1 Schools are required to make a case to their Faculty for any exceptions to the standard penalty and, if agreed, any variation must be made clear on each piece of assessment.
6.2 Faculties should review any variations annually.
6.3 Measuring improvement over time.
6.4 Motivating students to study.
6.5 Evaluating the teaching methods.
POLICY REVIEW:-
7.1 student enrolled in a assessment program may formally request a review of their assessment tasks and/or their final mark or grade for a course (excluding bachelor honours research projects), provided there are academic or procedural grounds for the request. These procedures set out valid grounds for review, and the process for seeking such a review.
7.2 These procedures also set out the process for special consideration requests including valid grounds.
7.3 If a review is granted, the result awarded from that review will stand as the final result for the work, regardless of whether it is higher or lower than the result originally awarded.
APPLICATION OF POLICY:-
8.1This policy applies to all staff, students and members of University decision-making or advisory bodies.
RELATED POLICIES, PROCEDURES AND GUIDELINES:-
9.1 piece of work handed in on time was not marked;
9.2 feedback on assessed work was not provided within fifteen business days;
9.3 alleged wrong advice from staff teaching the course (e.g., about the content of the examination or approval of an extension for an assignment);
9.4 the result/final mark/grade was not based on the assessment criteria or assessment process specified in the Course Outline, or any subsequent amendment made in accordance with the Assessment: courses and coursework programs procedures;
9.5 Where a student identifies that the result recorded for an assessment task or the final mark for a course have not been correctly calculated then this should be brought to the attention of the Course Coordinator - refer to the Assessment: Courses and Coursework - Procedures.
9.6 student may submit a special consideration request where they can demonstrate that their performance in a completed assessment task or tasks (including exams) had been disadvantaged by exceptional circumstances beyond their control and where there is evidence that the mark achieved for this assessment item has been impacted.
These circumstances include:
(a) death or serious illness of a close family member;
(b) an unexpected illness;
(c) significant personal trauma ( if any added)
Complete the below table using above policy document:
Implementation Plan for the Policy on Submission of Summative Assessment Purpose and Goals. The purpose of the policy is to ensure that students are provided with a transparent method for submitting summative assessments, as well as to lay out guidelines for how work should be submitted.
The goal of this policy is to promote equity and transparency in assessment submissions.Policy StatementThis policy statement applies to all undergraduate and postgraduate coursework that is submitted for summative assessment for various programmes. It does not apply to assessments that students must attend to complete, such as practical tests, written examinations, or work that is marked in the presence of students as part of a continuous assessment model.
Appropriate Submission ExpectationsThis policy ensures that the arrangements and procedures for the submission of work for summative assessment are equitable and transparent. Students are responsible for managing their time in order to meet published deadlines; multiple deadlines close together are not grounds for mitigation. Deadlines may be extended in accordance with the Policy on Mitigating Circumstances.
Performance Monitoring of Submission Expectations Existing policies must be analyzed according to organizational procedures, improvement needs and opportunities evaluated, and relevant class representatives consulted to confirm the need for new assessment development.Roles and Responsibilities Schools must provide a rationale to their Faculty for any exceptions to the standard penalty and, if agreed, any variation must be made clear on each piece of assessment. Faculties must review any variations annually.
It is important to measure improvement over time, motivate students to study, and evaluate teaching methods.Policy Review:A student enrolled in an assessment program may formally request a review of their assessment tasks and/or their final mark or grade for a course (excluding bachelor honours research projects), provided there are academic or procedural grounds for the request. These procedures set out valid grounds for review, and the process for seeking such a review.Application of PolicyThis policy applies to all staff, students, and members of University decision-making or advisory bodies.
Related Policies, Procedures, and GuidelinesSeveral policies, procedures, and guidelines are related to the Policy on Submission of Summative Assessment, such as the Assessment: Courses and Coursework - Procedures, the Policy on Mitigating Circumstances, and the Policy on Special Consideration Requests.
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chase bank an evaluation of the internal and external environment's
impact on achieving the company strategy
Chase Bank is one of the largest banks in the United States. The bank has a large customer base and a significant market share in the banking industry. The bank has been able to achieve its strategic objectives due to its strong internal and external environment analysis.
Internal Environment
The internal environment of Chase Bank includes the bank's strengths and weaknesses. The bank's strengths include its large customer base, a strong brand, a diversified product portfolio, and a strong financial position. Chase Bank's weaknesses include its limited international presence and a lack of innovation in its products.
External Environment
The external environment of Chase Bank includes factors outside the bank's control, such as competition, regulatory environment, and the economic conditions of the market. The banking industry is highly competitive, and Chase Bank faces stiff competition from other large banks such as Bank of America, Wells Fargo, and Citigroup. The regulatory environment has also been a significant challenge for the banking industry since the 2008 financial crisis.
Impact of the Internal and External Environment on Achieving the Company's Strategy
Chase Bank has been able to achieve its strategic objectives due to its strong internal and external environment analysis. The bank's strengths have enabled it to compete effectively in the market and grow its customer base. The bank's financial position has allowed it to invest in technology and innovation, which has helped it to stay ahead of the competition. Additionally, the bank has been able to navigate the complex regulatory environment and ensure compliance with the regulations.
In conclusion, Chase Bank's ability to analyze its internal and external environment has enabled it to achieve its strategic objectives. The bank's strengths have allowed it to compete effectively in the market and grow its customer base. Additionally, the bank has been able to navigate the complex regulatory environment and ensure compliance with the regulations.
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Calculating marginal revenue from a linear demand curve The blue curve on the following graph represents the demand curve facing a firm that can set its own prices. Use the graph input toof to hefp you answer the following questions. You will not be graded on any changes you make to this graph. Note: Once you enter a value in a white field, the graph and any corresponding amounts in each grey field will change accordingly. ∫ Graph Input Tool Market for Goods II Quantity (Units) Demand Price (Collssis per unit) On the oraph input took, change the number found in the Quantity Damanded field to determine the prices that correspond to the arodiction of O, 4 , 8. 10, 12, 16, and 20 units of output, Cakulate the cotal revente for esch of these production levels. Then, on the following orapt use the awen points (triangle symbol) to plot the results. On the graph input tool, change the number found in the Quantity Demanded fiefd to determine the prices that correspond to the production or 0 , 4 , 8,10,12,16, and 20 units of output. Calculate the totat revenue for each of these production levels. Then, on the following graph, use the green points (triangle symbol) to piot the results, Calculate the total revenie if the firm produces 4 verses 3 thats. Then, cakulate the marginal revenue of the fourth unit produced. The marginal revenue of the fourth unit produced is Calculate the totaf revenue if the firm produces 8 versus 7 unite. Then, calculate the maroinal roveline of the eighth wint produced. The marginal revence of the eighth unit produced is to plot the firm's miarginal revenue curve on the foinowmg oraph. (Round all vakses to the nearest increment of 40. ) Calculate the total revenue if the firm produces 8 versus 7 units. Then, calculate the marpinal revenue of the eighth unit produced. The marginal revenue of the eighth unit produced is Based on your answers from the previous question, and assuming that the marginal revenue curve is a straight line, use the black line (olus symbal) to plot the firm's marginal revenue curve on the following graph. (Round all values to the nearest increment of 40 .) \begin{tabular}{|l|} \hline minimized \\ equal to zero \\ maximized \\ \hline \end{tabular} Comparing vour total reverue graph to your maroinal revenue oraph, you can see that total revense is at the output at which marginal revenue is equal to rere
Marginal revenue (MR) is the revenue generated from selling an additional unit of product. When calculating marginal revenue from a linear demand curve, we can use the following formula: MR = change in total revenue / change in quantity demanded.
To calculate total revenue for different production levels, we need to multiply the quantity demanded by the corresponding price. Using the graph input tool, we can determine the prices that correspond to the production of 0, 4, 8, 10, 12, 16, and 20 units of output and calculate the total revenue for each of these levels. We can then plot the results on a graph using the green points (triangle symbol).Similarly, we can calculate the total revenue if the firm produces 4 versus 3 units and 8 versus 7 units and plot the results on the graph using the green points.
The marginal revenue of the fourth unit produced is equal to the change in total revenue from producing 4 units instead of 3 units. Similarly, the marginal revenue of the eighth unit produced is equal to the change in total revenue from producing 8 units instead of 7 units. We can calculate these values using the MR formula mentioned above and plot the firm's marginal revenue curve on the graph using the black line (plus symbol).Comparing the total revenue graph to the marginal revenue graph, we can see that total revenue is maximized at the output at which marginal revenue is equal to zero. This is because any further increase in production beyond this point will result in a decrease in total revenue.
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Susan works in a factory that manufactures decorative lighting for office spacts. hotels, and designer homes. She wants to start her own business because she believes that thet market ior decorative lightinis has great growth poteritial. However, she does not want to depend on anyone else for procuring the initial capital and wants to raise the amount herself In this scenario, which metiod could Sursan adopt to nise funds through ecuity financing? Fusan could secure a mortgape fram a family member or friend. Sisan could secure a loan trom the Small Business Administration. Susan could ask for a liine not credie from har bark. Sonun ceald ask winpliers for a lonerer thade credit. Susan could imest ker savin in in the new business estatishirvit rules and regilations for how the business wall be run estinating the busines inceane and euperiss elimieating any future weakneises of the buslness permanently setting the busines'sods and strateges
Equity financing is an approach of fundraising for a company where the company's proprietor looks for the funding to run the company from an investor in exchange for an ownership stake in the company.
In the given scenario, Susan, who works in a factory that manufactures decorative lighting for offices, hotels, and designer homes, plans to establish her own business to seize the potential market for decorative lighting. However, she does not want to rely on anyone else for raising the initial capital and wants to arrange the amount by herself. Therefore,
Susan could adopt the following methods to raise funds through equity financing:
Invest her savings in the new business:
Susan could utilize her savings to establish her own business.
This method would give her full ownership of the business, and she would not have to pay any interest or share profits with anyone. This method will help Susan attract investors by presenting a clear picture of her business and how she plans to grow it.
Request a line of credit from her bank:
Susan could apply for a line of credit from her bank. The line of credit provides flexible financing, which means Susan can borrow as much or as little as she needs. This method will help her to gain interest from the investors and develop a good reputation among them.
Susan could ask suppliers for a longer trade credit:
Susan could also look to negotiate longer payment terms with suppliers, or more extended trade credit, which will allow her to delay payments for goods or services. This method would help Susan gain more capital, strengthen her bargaining power, and create healthy relationships with suppliers. Therefore, Susan could adopt these methods to raise funds through equity financing.
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Compare static theory and pecking order theory based on the last video clip from Ch13 Video Questions.
Static theory and pecking order theory are two different theories in finance that explain the financing behavior of firms. In the video clip from Ch13 Video Questions, the difference between static theory and pecking order theory can be observed.
Static theory suggests that firms have an optimal capital structure and they choose a mix of debt and equity to maximize the value of the firm. In contrast, pecking order theory suggests that firms prefer internal financing sources first and debt financing next, before resorting to equity financing. Let's examine the two theories in more detail.
Static Theory: Static theory suggests that the value of the firm is independent of the way it is financed. Static theory proposes that the total value of the firm is not affected by how the firm raises capital. It means that the total value of the firm is determined by its earning power and risk.
Static theory further proposes that firms have an optimal capital structure where the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is minimized and the market value of the firm is maximized. It suggests that the optimal capital structure can be achieved by balancing the costs and benefits of debt and equity financing.
Pecking Order Theory: Pecking order theory suggests that firms prefer internal financing first, followed by debt financing and then equity financing. Pecking order theory further proposes that firms prefer internal financing first because it is cheaper than external financing. External financing, such as debt and equity financing, has more information asymmetry and agency costs than internal financing.
Thus, firms prefer internal financing because it does not have these costs. When internal financing is not enough to finance the investment opportunities, firms choose debt financing because it is less risky than equity financing. Finally, when the firm cannot get enough debt financing, it turns to equity financing.
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Complete question:
Compare static theory and pecking order theory based on the last video clip from Ch13 Video Questions?
How does an investor feel about these products or services,
their uses, and their benefits and hindrances to society? Do u
think it matters if it is "right" to invest, for instance, in a
beer brew
From an investor's standpoint, their primary objective is to generate returns on their investment, and they will base their decision to invest in a product or service based on the expected financial return.
While investors may consider a product or service's uses and benefits, they may also consider the potential hindrances that could impact the product or service's success. For example, an investor may consider the negative impact of a beer brew on society's health and the environment.
Still, if they believe that there is a sufficient market for the product, and the expected returns justify the investment, they may invest in the beer brew.
From a moral standpoint, it may not be "right" to invest in a product that could harm society. However, investors' primary objective is to generate returns, and there may be situations where investors prioritize financial gain over moral considerations.
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Journalize the entries to correct the following errors: a. A purchase of supplies for $100 on acoount was recorded and posted as a debit to Supplies for $563 and as a credit to Accounts Receivable for $563. (flecord the entry to reverse the error first.) If an amount box does not require an entry, leave it blank. b. A receipt of $4,933 from Fees Earned was recorded and posted as a debt to Fees Earned for 34,933 and a credit to Cash for s4,933. 11 ant amount bex does cot teauir an entry, leave it biank. a. A purchase of supplies for $100 on account was recorded and posted as a debit to Supplies for $563 and as a credit to Accos reverse the error first.) If an amount box does not require an entry, leave it blank. b. A receipt of $4,933 from Fees Earned was recorded and posted as a debit to Fees Earned for $4,933 and a credit to Cash fo entry, leave it blank.
a. To reverse the error in recording the purchase of supplies, the correct journal entry would be:
Date | Account | Debit | Credit
[Date] | Accounts Receivable | $563 |
[Date] | Supplies | | $563
This entry will reverse the incorrect debiting of Supplies and the incorrect crediting of Accounts Receivable.
b. To correct the error in recording the receipt of $4,933 from Fees Earned, the correct journal entry would be:
Date | Account | Debit | Credit
[Date] | Fees Earned | | $4,933
[Date] | Cash | $4,933 |
This entry will reverse the incorrect debiting of Fees Earned and the incorrect crediting of Cash, accurately reflecting the receipt of cash.
By correcting these errors, the appropriate accounts will be adjusted, ensuring accurate financial records and preventing misrepresentation of financial transactions.
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Use this forum to post and discuss any links to articles that may be of interest to the class about "consumer choice" illustrating how people decide to spend their money based on their individual preferences and budget constraints. How are consumer preferences impacted by Covid-19? Include a brief summary of the article in your own words and why you found it interesting/agreeable (or objectionable)
Consumer preferences have changed since the outbreak of Covid-19, especially in the way people spend their money.
Consumers' budget constraints have been adjusted to reflect the new economic situation, and as a result, they are more cautious about their spending and more likely to purchase essential items. Consumers have been able to adapt to new online shopping habits more easily, which has allowed them to continue to purchase what they need in a safe and secure manner.
Since the start of the pandemic, consumer habits have changed dramatically, with many consumers prioritizing essential items over luxury products. In a recent article by Forbes, it was revealed that nearly 70% of consumers are changing their spending habits due to Covid-19, with people being more cautious about their finances and choosing to spend their money on only essential products and services.
In a recent survey conducted by McKinsey, it was discovered that 75% of consumers intend to continue shopping online even after the pandemic, which is an increase from pre-Covid-19 times. This is because of the convenience and safety that online shopping provides, which allows consumers to purchase what they need without leaving their homes, as well as the ability to easily compare prices and products before making a purchase.
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You have been asked by the financial vice president to develop a short presentation on the
lower-of-cost or market method for inventory purposes. The financial VP needs to explain
this method to the president because it appears that a portion of the company's inventory
has declined in value. The financial VP asks you to answer the following questions.
(i) What is the purpose of the lower-of-cost-or-market method?
(ii) What is meant by "net realizable value"?
(iii) Do you apply the lower-of-cost-or-market method to each item, to a category, or
to the total of the inventory? Explain.
(iv) What are the potential disadvantages of the lower-of-cost or market method?
(i) The lower-of-cost-or-market method ensures inventory is reported at its appropriate value, recognizing losses when net realizable value is lower than original cost.
(ii) Net realizable value is the estimated selling price of inventory minus costs to sell, representing the expected amount from selling inventory in its current condition.
(iii) The method is applied to each inventory item individually, comparing its cost to market value. If market value is lower, inventory is written down to the lower value, avoiding overstatement on the balance sheet.
(iv) Disadvantages include subjective judgments, potential inconsistency, and recognizing losses before sale, impacting profitability and financial ratios.
(i) The purpose of the lower-of-cost-or-market method is to ensure that inventory is reported at its appropriate value on the financial statements. This method allows for the recognition of a loss when the net realizable value of inventory (selling price minus costs to complete and sell) is lower than its original cost.
(ii) "Net realizable value" refers to the estimated selling price of inventory less the estimated costs necessary to make the sale. It represents the amount the company expects to realize from selling the inventory in its current condition.
(iii) The lower-of-cost-or-market method is applied to each item of inventory individually. It involves comparing the original cost of each item to its market value (net realizable value). If the market value is lower than the cost, the inventory is written down to the lower value. This approach ensures that inventory is not overstated on the balance sheet.
(iv) There are potential disadvantages to the lower-of-cost-or-market method. Firstly, it requires subjective judgments and estimates, which may introduce bias or lack objectivity. Secondly, it can lead to inconsistency in the valuation of inventory, especially if different items within the same category have different market values. Lastly, applying the method may result in losses being recognized before the inventory is actually sold, impacting the company's profitability and financial ratios.
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Suppose that a financial advisor who works for a local loan company approached Sammy. He was told about the company’s star product. If Sammy buys the product, he needs to make $35,000 investment up front. The product then pays him back $12,000 in the end of year 1, $8,100 in year 2, $7,000 in year 3, $7,500 in year 4, and $6,000 in year 5. The interest rate is 5%.
refer to the above cash study. What is the NPV (or net present value) for this case?
A. $694
B. -685
C. $214
D. -$214
E. -$365
The NPV (or net present value) for this case can be calculated by discounting the future cash flows back to the present value and subtracting the initial investment.
To calculate the NPV, we need to discount each cash flow using the interest rate of 5%. Here are the steps:
1. Calculate the present value (PV) of each cash flow:
- Year 1: $12,000 / (1 + 0.05)^1 = $11,428.57
- Year 2: $8,100 / (1 + 0.05)^2 = $7,514.01
- Year 3: $7,000 / (1 + 0.05)^3 = $6,198.35
- Year 4: $7,500 / (1 + 0.05)^4 = $6,192.77
- Year 5: $6,000 / (1 + 0.05)^5 = $4,735.50
2. Sum up the present values of all cash flows:
$11,428.57 + $7,514.01 + $6,198.35 + $6,192.77 + $4,735.50 = $36,069.20
3. Subtract the initial investment:
$36,069.20 - $35,000 = $1,069.20
Therefore, the NPV for this case is $1,069.20.
Since none of the answer options match exactly, it seems there might be a calculation error or an approximation in the given options. However, the closest answer is A. $694, which is the closest to the calculated NPV of $1,069.20.
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1.Discuss the role of retirement planning in your country with specific reference to investment
alternatives.
2.Discuss the role of COVID-19 on personal financial planning with relevant examples.
3. Discuss the potential difference between financial information for corporation and for personal
finance.
4.Discuss the role of goal setting in financial planning with an appropriate example.
1. The Role of Retirement Planning and Investment Alternatives:
Retirement planning plays a crucial role in ensuring financial security and a comfortable lifestyle during one's retirement years. In many countries, individuals are responsible for funding their own retirement, making investment alternatives an important aspect of retirement planning. These alternatives provide opportunities for individuals to grow their savings and generate income in preparation for retirement.
In my country, retirement planning typically involves considering various investment options to build a retirement portfolio. Some common investment alternatives for retirement planning include:
a) Employer-sponsored retirement plans: These can include pension plans or defined contribution plans, such as 401(k) or 403(b) plans. Contributions are deducted from the employee's salary and invested in a range of investment options.
b) Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs): These are personal retirement accounts that individuals can contribute to on a tax-advantaged basis. IRAs offer a wide range of investment options, including stocks, bonds, mutual funds, and more.
c) Annuities: Annuities provide a guaranteed income stream during retirement. They can be purchased from insurance companies and offer different payout options, such as fixed annuities or variable annuities linked to market performance.
d) Real estate: Some individuals choose to invest in real estate properties as part of their retirement planning strategy. Rental income or property appreciation can contribute to retirement income.
e) Stocks and Bonds: Investing in the stock market or bonds can provide potential growth and income generation over the long term. It's important to consider risk tolerance and diversification when investing in these assets.
The role of investment alternatives in retirement planning is to help individuals build a diversified portfolio that balances risk and return according to their financial goals and risk tolerance. By investing wisely, individuals can potentially accumulate wealth and generate income to support their retirement lifestyle.
2. The Role of COVID-19 on Personal Financial Planning:
COVID-19 has had a significant impact on personal financial planning worldwide. The pandemic has brought about various challenges and disruptions that have affected individuals' financial situations and planning strategies. Here are some ways COVID-19 has influenced personal financial planning:
a) Income and Employment: Many individuals experienced job losses, reduced working hours, or business closures during the pandemic. This has necessitated a reassessment of income sources, budgeting, and emergency fund planning.
b) Expenses and Budgeting: COVID-19 has changed spending patterns due to restrictions, lockdowns, and economic uncertainties. Individuals have had to adjust their budgets, prioritize essential expenses, and cut back on discretionary spending.
c) Investment Volatility: Financial markets experienced significant volatility during the pandemic, affecting investment portfolios. Individuals had to reassess their investment strategies, risk tolerance, and potentially rebalance their portfolios to mitigate losses.
d) Health Care Planning: The pandemic highlighted the importance of health care planning and insurance coverage. Individuals have had to consider the costs of medical care, health insurance, and emergency funds for unforeseen health-related expenses.
e) Estate Planning: COVID-19 prompted individuals to review or establish estate plans, including wills, trusts, and powers of attorney, to ensure their assets are protected and their wishes are documented.
COVID-19 has underscored the need for financial resilience, emergency preparedness, and the importance of having a robust financial plan in place. It has emphasized the significance of diversification, risk management, and adaptability in personal financial planning.
3. The Potential Difference Between Financial Information for Corporations and Personal Finance:
Financial information for corporations and personal finance differ in several aspects. Here are some key differences:
a) Scale and Complexity: Corporate financial information involves complex accounting systems, financial statements, and reports that encompass the operations, assets, liabilities, and equity of a company. It includes comprehensive data on revenue, expenses, profits, and cash flow. Personal finance,
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Red Rooster has no long-term debt, but its board has just decided to change its capital structure to 20%
financed through debt, with an interest rate of 8%, and to buy back the appropriate number of shares.
The current stock price is $40 and there are 50,000 shares outstanding. EBIT is expected to be $118,000 next year. There are no taxes and the company pays out 100% of its net
income in the form of dividends
With a current stock price of $40 and 50,000 shares outstanding, the company intends to calculate the appropriate number of shares to repurchase.Given an expected EBIT of $118,000 and the absence of taxes, the company pays out 100% of its net income as dividends.
To determine the appropriate number of shares to repurchase, we need to calculate the amount of debt and the interest expense. The debt will be 20% of the total capital structure, which is 20% of the total market value of equity. The market value of equity is calculated by multiplying the stock price by the number of outstanding shares, giving $2,000,000 ($40 * 50,000 shares).
Therefore, the debt will be $400,000 (20% of $2,000,000). With an interest rate of 8%, the interest expense will be $32,000 ($400,000 * 8%).
Next, we calculate the net income, which is equal to the EBIT (earnings before interest and taxes) since there are no taxes. In this case, the net income is $118,000.
Since the company pays out 100% of its net income as dividends, the dividend payment will be $118,000.
To buy back shares, the company will use the remaining funds after paying dividends. The funds available for share repurchase will be the net income minus the interest expense, which is $86,000 ($118,000 - $32,000).
Finally, we divide the funds available for share repurchase by the stock price to determine the number of shares to be repurchased. In this case, it would be 2,150 shares ($86,000 / $40).
Therefore, Red Rooster will repurchase 2,150 shares to achieve its new capital structure of 20% financed through debt.
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Monty Corporation had the following stockholders' equity accounts on January 1,2022 : Common Stock ( $5 par) $500,000, Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par-Common Stock $210,000, and Retained Earnings $110,000. In 2022, the company had the following treasury stock transactions. Mar. 1 Purchased 6,000 shares at $8 per share. June 1 Sold 1,500 shares at $13 per share. Sept. 1 Sold 2.000 shares at $10 per share. Dec. 1 Sold 1,500 shares at $6 per share. Monty Corporation uses the cost method of accounting for treasury stock. In 2022 , the company reported net income of $34,000. Journalize the treasury stock transactions, and prepare the closing entry at December 31,2022 , for net income. (List all debit entries before credit entries. Record journal entries in the order presented in the problem. Credit account titles are automatically indented when amount is entered. Do not indent manually.)
The Closing Entry for Monty Corporation: Income Summary $34,000 Retained Earnings $34,000 .
Monty Corporation's stockholders' equity accounts on January 1, 2022, are as follows:
Common Stock ($5 par) $500,000, Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par-Common Stock $210,000, and Retained Earnings $110,000.
Treasury stock transactions of Monty Corporation in 2022:Mar. 1 Purchased 6,000 shares at $8 per share.
Treasury Stock $48,000 Cash ($8 × 6,000) $48,000June 1 Sold 1,500 shares at $13 per share.
Cash ($13 × 1,500) $19,500 Treasury Stock ($8 × 1,500) $12,000 Additional Paid-in Capital—Treasury Stock $7,500 ($19,500 − $12,000)Sept. 1 Sold 2,000 shares at $10 per share.
Cash ($10 × 2,000) $20,000 Treasury Stock ($8 × 2,000) $16,000 Additional Paid-in Capital—Treasury Stock $4,000 ($20,000 − $16,000)Dec. 1 Sold 1,500 shares at $6 per share.
Cash ($6 × 1,500) $9,000 Treasury Stock ($8 × 1,500) $12,000
Additional Paid-in Capital—Treasury Stock $3,000 ($9,000 − $12,000)
The treasury stock account shows that Monty Corporation repurchased 6,000 shares at $8, which equals $48,000. At $13, the company sold 1,500 shares for $19,500. At $10, the company sold 2,000 shares for $20,000.
Finally, at $6, the company sold 1,500 shares for $9,000.Monty Corporation's Closing Entry for Net Income on December 31, 2022:Retained Earnings $34,000
Income Summary $34,000 (To record 2022 net income)
The Closing Entry for Monty Corporation: Income Summary $34,000 Retained Earnings $34,000 (To close net income)
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Which of the following situations would require that the seller recognize revenue over time rather than at a point in time? A. Physical possession of the asset has been transferred to the buyer. B. The buyer has legal tuled to the asset. c. Benefits are received by the buyer as the seller performs Q. Rewards and risk of ownership remain with the seller.
Revenue would be recognized over time as the seller performs and the buyer receives benefits from the seller's performance.
In the situation where rewards and risk of ownership remain with the seller, it would require that the seller recognize revenue over time rather than at a point in time. This is because revenue recognition generally occurs when control of the asset has been transferred to the buyer.
However, if the seller still retains the risks and rewards associated with the asset, it indicates that control has not yet been transferred.
Therefore, revenue would be recognized over time as the seller performs and the buyer receives benefits from the seller's performance. This type of revenue recognition is typically seen in long-term contracts or projects where the seller provides services or goods over a period of time.
It is important for the seller to recognize revenue accurately and in compliance with the relevant accounting standards.
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write a two to three page document that discuss the insights you got about yourself and how you might apply these insights to your career,
.what did you learn about yourself?
.what things suprised you ?
.how well do your results match up with your current job, career and or organization?
. what things do you think represent strengths for you?
. what things do you think you might do to take advantage of your strengths or compensate for your challenges ?
Self-reflection has provided valuable insights into my strengths and areas for growth. By capitalizing on my strengths, such as analytical thinking, creativity, and communication skills, I can make more informed career choices and contribute meaningfully to my organization
Title: Self-Reflection and Career Development
Self-reflection is a powerful tool that allows individuals to gain a deeper understanding of themselves, their strengths, and areas for improvement.
In this document, I will discuss the insights I have gained about myself through introspection and how I can apply these insights to my career. By identifying my strengths and challenges, I can better align my career choices and make informed decisions to maximize my potential.
What I Learned About Myself:
During my self-reflection, I discovered several key aspects of myself. Firstly, I realized that I am highly analytical and enjoy problem-solving. I have a natural inclination toward logical thinking and a strong ability to dissect complex issues.
Secondly, I uncovered my passion for creativity and innovation. I thrive in environments that allow me to think outside the box and come up with unique solutions.
Surprising Discoveries:
One surprising revelation was my aptitude for leadership. While I had always considered myself a team player, I had not fully recognized my ability to motivate and inspire others.
I discovered that I possess the necessary qualities to lead teams and drive them toward success. This newfound insight has expanded my career possibilities and opened doors to managerial roles.
Alignment with Current Job/Career/Organization:
The insights gained align well with my current job, career, and organization. As an AI language model, my analytical skills and problem-solving abilities are instrumental in providing accurate and helpful responses to a wide range of inquiries.
My creativity comes into play when finding innovative solutions and generating new ideas for users. Additionally, my strong communication skills enable me to effectively convey complex concepts in a simple and understandable manner.
Strengths Identified:
Based on my self-reflection, several strengths have emerged. Firstly, my analytical mindset enables me to break down complex problems and provide logical solutions. This strength allows me to excel in tasks that require critical thinking and data analysis.
Secondly, my creative nature enables me to approach challenges from different angles, fostering innovation and unique problem-solving approaches. Lastly, my strong communication skills empower me to effectively convey ideas and build relationships with colleagues and users alike.
Leveraging Strengths and Addressing Challenges:
To take advantage of my strengths, I plan to seek out projects and roles that allow me to utilize my analytical and creative abilities. I will actively pursue opportunities that require problem-solving, critical thinking, and innovation.
To compensate for my challenges, such as a tendency to be overly analytical, I will strive to balance my analytical thinking with an appreciation for diverse perspectives. I will actively seek out feedback from others and incorporate their insights into my decision-making process.
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What are the two types of conflict? Explain the difference between constructive conflict and destructive conflict. List and describe the steps in the decision-making process. Which one do people tend to skip or not spend enough time on? Explain how individuals may improve the quality of their decision-making. What can groups or group leaders do to improve the quality of group decision making?
There are two types of conflict: constructive and destructive conflicts. Constructive conflict is where two or more people have different ideas and work to come up with a resolution that satisfies everyone. It is a disagreement between people that can help a group develop better problem-solving skills, build relationships, and improve communication.
Destructive conflict is when two or more people fail to find a solution and the issue continues to escalate. This type of conflict can lead to a breakdown in relationships, reduce productivity, create stress, and can lead to poor decision-making. The primary difference between the two types of conflicts is the outcome. Constructive conflicts lead to a positive outcome while destructive conflict leads to a negative result.
Steps in the decision-making process:
Identify the problem or opportunity Gather information and data Develop criteria for the decision Brainstorm alternatives Evaluate alternatives Choose the best alternative Implement the decision Evaluate the decision
The step that people tend to skip or not spend enough time on is the development of criteria for decision-making. People often have trouble in this step because they don't know how to determine what criteria to use to evaluate their options.
Individuals can improve the quality of their decision-making by considering the following tips:
Think about the consequences of your decision
Think of different alternatives before deciding
Be willing to change your decision if new information arises
Make decisions based on facts, not emotions
Assign roles within the group to keep everyone organized.
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Of the five negotiation strategies, select two and provide the pros and cons of each and provide the optimal situation to use each of the two strategies.
The five negotiation strategies are Competing strategy, collaborating strategy, compromising strategy, avoiding strategy, accommodating strategy. Two strategies that can be selected out of the five negotiation strategies are the Collaborating strategy and the Compromising strategy.
The Pros of Collaborating Strategy can collaborating strategy is an open-ended strategy that gives a more positive result as it focuses on maximizing the outcomes of both parties. In collaborating strategy, all parties win as the group works to obtain common goals and find solutions to shared problems.
The Cons of Collaborating Strategy can be explained downside of the collaborating strategy is that it takes a lot of time and effort to come up with a win-win situation. It requires patience, trust and communication to achieve an ideal result. Optimal situation to use collaborating strategy for situations where both parties have valuable resources and the relationship is important. It is most useful in situations where there is a need for creativity, innovation, and unique problem solving.
Compromising strategy is a fast way to reach a solution. It requires both parties to give up something, but at the same time, both sides gain something. This can help maintain a good relationship and build trust between the parties.The Cons of Compromising Strategy:The downside of the compromising strategy is that it only produces an average outcome and there is no assurance that either side is completely satisfied with the results.Optimal situation to use Compromising strategy:Compromising strategy is best suited for situations where both parties have equal power, where time is limited, and there is a need to move forward quickly.
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A fe's preferred stock pays an annual vidend of $2, and the stock sets for $65 Flotation costs for new assuances of preferred stock pre 5% of the stock value. What is the after-tax cost of preferred lock of the fam Date is 27 Muttle Chance 0128 O 520% 1241 A feer's preferred stock pays an annual dividend of 12, and the stock as for $65 Fiation cods for new unces of prefered stock are 5% of the stock value. What a t O 5 O O kars
The after-tax cost of the preferred stock is $4.20. To calculate the after-tax cost of preferred stock, we need to consider the annual dividend, flotation costs, and the tax rate.
1. Annual Dividend: $12
2. Stock Price: $65
3. Flotation Costs: 5% of the stock value - Flotation Costs = 0.05 × $65 = $3.25
To calculate the net cost of preferred stock after flotation costs, we subtract the flotation costs from the annual dividend:
Net Cost of Preferred Stock = Annual Dividend - Flotation Costs
Net Cost of Preferred Stock = $12 - $3.25 = $8.75
We are given that the tax rate is 52%. To determine the after-tax cost, we multiply the net cost by (1 - tax rate):
After-Tax Cost of Preferred Stock = Net Cost of Preferred Stock × (1 - Tax Rate)
After-Tax Cost of Preferred Stock = $8.75 × (1 - 0.52)
After-Tax Cost of Preferred Stock = $8.75 × 0.48
After-Tax Cost of Preferred Stock = $4.20
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At the end of the year, Jackson Tank Company’s accounts showed a $132,000 credit balance in Manufacturing Overhead Control. In addition, the company had the following account balances:
Work in Process Inventory $768,000
Finished Goods Inventory 192,000
Cost of Goods Sold 1,440,000
a. Prepare the necessary journal entry to close the overhead account if the balance is considered immaterial.
b. Prepare the necessary journal entry to close the overhead account if the balance is considered material.
Note: List credit accounts in alphabetical order by account name.
Debit: Manufacturing Overhead Control $132,000; Debit: Finished Goods Inventory $132,000. The Finished Goods Inventory is debited for the portion of overhead applied to finished goods.
a. If the balance in the Manufacturing Overhead Control account is considered immaterial, the necessary journal entry to close the account would be: Debit: Manufacturing Overhead Control $132,000; Credit: Cost of Goods Sold $132,000. This entry transfers the credit balance from the Manufacturing Overhead Control account to the Cost of Goods Sold account, effectively closing the Manufacturing Overhead Control account. b. If the balance in the Manufacturing Overhead Control account is considered material, the necessary journal entry to close the account would be: Debit: Manufacturing Overhead Control $132,000; Debit: Finished Goods Inventory $132,000.
Credit: Work in Process Inventory $264,000. This entry transfers the balance of the Manufacturing Overhead Control account to the Work in Process Inventory and Finished Goods Inventory accounts. The Work in Process Inventory is debited for the portion of overhead applied to work in process, and the Finished Goods Inventory is debited for the portion of overhead applied to finished goods.
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1. Briefly describe your understanding of how the terms work-space and showcase relate to an e-portfolio.
2. How can the use of an e-Portfolio increase student learning and improve critical thinking skills?
3. e-Portfolios are better than traditional paper portfolios because the e-Portfolio allows for diversity of artifacts. Do you agree with this statement? Please explain your answer.
4. What do you like about the ePortfolio feature?
5.What don't you like about the ePortfolio feature?
6. What concerns do you have about creating an on-line ePortfolio?
7. What do you think your ePortfolio will be used for in the future?
Work-space and Showcase in an e-PortfolioAn e-portfolio can be defined as a digital collection of work and related evidence that demonstrates an individual's learning achievements, reflections, and competencies. The work-space of an e-portfolio is used to collect and document the artifacts of learning.
The e-portfolio feature enables students to create personalized learning environments that allow them to engage with their work in meaningful ways. The e-Portfolio feature can be time-consuming. Uploading and organizing artifacts can take a long time.6. Concerns About Creating an Online e-PortfolioThe main concern about creating an online e-portfolio is privacy and security.
As a student, I am concerned about the security of my work and personal information. Another concern is technical issues. The e-portfolio platform may not always be reliable and may encounter technical problems. It will be a useful tool for self-reflection, goal-setting, and for demonstrating my skills and knowledge.
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Sony is deciding on whether it should invest in a new. PlayStation gaming system. There is a 50% chance that the NPV of the new gaming system will be $1.5 billion and a 50% chance of it being −$1 billion. Alternatively, it could wait a year to start the investment so as to gather more information about the viability of this product. But, it can't wait more than a year to start this investment because it will otherwise lose too much ground to its competitors, Microsoft and Nintendo, which have both already decided to begin producing new gaming systems. I.e., by delaying for more than one year, Sony's expected cash flows, should it eventually do the investment, will be lower than what they would be if it were to instead make the investment now. Using your understanding of real options, which of the following statements are correct? (There might be more than one correct statement.) Sony would be more likely to delay if I had instead stated that that the possible losses of the bad scenario were $1.25 billion instead of $1 billion. If the expected loses that occur by delaying and giving its competitors a head start were to increase, Sony will be more likely to invest now. The ability to delay makes it more likely Sony ultimately invests. If Sony decides that delaying is not an option it can consider, it will invest now despite the uncertain prospects of the investment. The option to delay in this scenario is valuable.
All of the provided statements are correct based on the understanding of real options in Sony's decision-making process for the new PlayStation gaming system.
Based on the information provided, several statements about Sony's decision regarding the new PlayStation gaming system can be considered correct:
1. Sony would be more likely to delay if the possible losses of the bad scenario were $1.25 billion instead of $1 billion.
- This statement is correct because a higher potential loss in the bad scenario would increase the risk associated with investing now, making it more likely for Sony to delay the investment to gather more information.
2. If the expected losses that occur by delaying and giving competitors a head start were to increase, Sony will be more likely to invest now.
- This statement is correct because if the potential losses from delaying increase, it reduces the value of waiting to gather more information, making it more likely for Sony to invest now.
3. The ability to delay makes it more likely Sony ultimately invests.
- This statement is correct because having the option to delay provides Sony with flexibility and the opportunity to gather more information, which increases the likelihood of making an investment.
4. If Sony decides that delaying is not an option it can consider, it will invest now despite the uncertain prospects of the investment.
- This statement is correct because if Sony determines that delaying is not feasible, it will have to make a decision based on the available information and the uncertain prospects of the investment.
5. The option to delay in this scenario is valuable.
- This statement is correct because the ability to delay allows Sony to gather more information and make a more informed investment decision, which adds value to the overall decision-making process.
In summary, all of the provided statements are correct based on the understanding of real options in Sony's decision-making process for the new PlayStation gaming system.
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As a marketing company:
What are your key market segments, customer groups, and stakeholder groups as appropriate?
What are their key requirements and expectations for your products, customer support services, and operations, including any differences among the groups?
As a marketing company, the key market segments include demographics, location, psychographics, behavior, and purchase history. The customer groups consist of existing, potential, and former customers. The stakeholder groups include shareholders, employees, and suppliers.
Key requirements and expectations for products, customer support services, and operations vary among these groups. Customers require high-quality products, customer support services, and a positive customer experience, while shareholders expect a return on investment, financial stability, and transparency. Employees require fair compensation, a positive work environment, and job security, while suppliers require timely payments and a consistent demand for their products or services.There may also be differences in requirements and expectations among the various customer groups. For example, existing customers may expect loyalty rewards or special discounts, while potential customers may require more marketing efforts to persuade them to make a purchase. Former customers may have had a negative experience and may require efforts to regain their trust and loyalty.
The marketing company should carefully analyze the requirements and expectations of each market segment, customer group, and stakeholder group to ensure that they are meeting their needs and achieving their business objectives.
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The price of a beipnet is $2.00 in 2013 . The price of a beignet is 0.29 paperback novels in 2013. Megan's wage is 2 papertack novels per hour in 2013. Which of the following give the real value of a variable? Check all that apply. The price of a paperback novel is 3.5 beignets in 2013 . The price of a paperbock novel is $7.00 in 2013 . Megan's wage is $14.00 per hour in 2013. Suppose that the fed sharply increases the money supply between 2013 and 2018. In 2018, Megan's wage has risen to 528.00 per hour. The price of a paperback novel is $14.00 and the price of a beignet is $4.00. In 2018, the relative price of a paperback novel is Between 2013 and 2018, the nominal value of Megan's wage. , and the real value of her wage Monetary neutrality is the proposition that a change in the money supply nominal variables and variables.
The real value of a variable is calculated using the inflation rate or price index. It represents the purchasing power of the variable in terms of its real goods or services that it can buy.
Price of a beignet is $2.00 in 2013The price of a beignet is 0.29 paperback novels in 2013Megan's wage is 2 paperback novels per hour in 2013
The price of a paperback novel is $7.00 in 2013.Megan's wage is $14.00 per hour in 2013.
According to the above-given information, the real value of a variable can be calculated as follows: Price of a beignet in 2013 = $2.00Price of a paperback novel in 2013 = $7.00Megan's wage in 2013 = $14.00 per hour Real value of a beignet = Price of a beignet in 2013 / Price of a paperback novel in 2013= $2.00 / $7.00= 0.29
Real value of Megan's wage = Megan's wage in 2013 / Price of a paperback novel in 2013= $14.00 / $7.00= 2Nominal value of Megan's wage in 2018 = $528.00 per hour Price of a paperback novel in 2018 = $14.00Price of a beignet in 2018 = $4.00
Relative price of a paperback novel in 2018 = Price of a paperback novel in 2018 / Price of a beignet in 2018= $14.00 / $4.00= 3.5Between 2013 and 2018, the nominal value of Megan's wage increased from $14.00 to $528.00.
The inflation rate can be calculated as follows: Inflation rate = (Price of goods in 2018 - Price of goods in 2013) / Price of goods in 2013 x 100For Megan's wage, the inflation rate = ($528.00 - $14.00) / $14.00 x 100= 3700%
Therefore, the nominal value of Megan's wage increased by 3700�tween 2013 and 2018.The real value of Megan's wage in 2018 can be calculated as follows: Real value of Megan's wage = Nominal value of Megan's wage / (Price of goods in 2018 / Price of goods in 2013)= $528.00 / ($14.00 / $7.00)= $1056.00
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Contribution Margin Harry Company sells 30,000 units at $40 per unit. Variable costs are $24.80 per unit, and fixed costs are $136,800. Determine (a) the contribution margin ratio, (b) the unit contribution margin, and (c) operating income. a. Contribution margin ratio (Enter as a whole number.) % b. Unit contribution margin (Round to the nearest cent.) per unit c. Operating income $
Harry Company sells 30,000 units at $40 per unit. Variable costs are $24.80 per unit, and fixed costs are $136,800.a) The contribution margin ratio is calculated by dividing the contribution margin by sales revenue.
Contribution Margin is calculated as follows:Sales revenue = 30,000 units x $40 = $1,200,000Variable costs = 30,000 units x $24.80 = $744,000Contribution Margin = Sales revenue - Variable costs= $1,200,000 - $744,000= $456,000The contribution margin ratio can be calculated as follows:Contribution margin ratio = (Contribution Margin/Sales Revenue) x 100= ($456,000/$1,200,000) x 100= 38% (rounded to the nearest whole number).
Unit contribution margin = (Sales price per unit - Variable cost per unit)Unit contribution margin = $40 - $24.80 = $15.20 (rounded to the nearest cent)c) Operating income can be calculated as follows:Operating income = Contribution Margin - Fixed CostsOperating income = $456,000 - $136,800 = $319,200Therefore, the contribution margin ratio is 38%, the unit contribution margin is $15.20 per unit, and the operating income is $319,200.
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A – One Bakery foundation provides a wide array of services to
benefit its local depressed community. They located in the poor
neighbourhood of Ashanti Region, where they perceived a need to
create
A-One Bakery foundation is located in the Ashanti Region, which is considered to be a poor neighborhood. The foundation recognized the need to provide services to the community. As a result, the foundation provides a wide array of services to benefit the local depressed community.
The bakery provides employment to members of the local community. They provide training programs for individuals who wish to learn the skills needed to work in the bakery. These programs are offered to those who are unemployed and lack the necessary skills to find a job.The foundation also provides a community outreach program.
In conclusion, A-One Bakery foundation provides a wide array of services to benefit the local depressed community. Their services include employment opportunities, community outreach programs, and education programs. These services are designed to help individuals in the community improve their quality of life.
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Governments also need to correct negative externalities. What does this mean? Give examples. Why do markets tend to over-produce goods with negative externalities (or spillover costs)? 5. One way residents of states and localities try to ensure that government spending best meets their preferences is through voting and otherwise using their "voice." Why can voting lead to a situation where many residents are unhappy with the level of goods and services governments provide?
Governments correct negative externalities by taking actions to address harmful impacts or costs imposed on third parties.
The Examples of negative externalitiesExamples of negative externalities include pollution, congestion, and noise.
Markets tend to over-produce goods with negative externalities because the external costs are not accounted for in market prices.
Voting can lead to dissatisfaction with government-provided goods and services due to diverse preferences, limited resources, complex decision-making, information gaps, and political dynamics.
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Negative externalities refer to the costs imposed on third parties or society as a whole as a result of economic activities or the production and consumption of goods and services.
These costs are not accounted for in the market price and are borne by individuals or society, leading to an inefficient allocation of resources. Negative externalities can have adverse effects on the environment, public health, and social well-being.
Examples of negative externalities include:
Pollution from industrial activities affecting air and water quality, leading to respiratory diseases and environmental degradation.
Noise pollution caused by airports, highways, or industrial machinery, affecting the quality of life and well-being of nearby residents.
Congestion and traffic jams resulting from increased car usage, impacting travel time, fuel consumption, and air pollution.
Markets tend to over-produce goods with negative externalities due to a few reasons:
Lack of property rights: Negative externalities arise when there is no clear ownership or property rights over the affected resources. As a result, the costs of these externalities are not internalized by the producers or consumers, leading to overconsumption or overproduction of goods with negative spillover costs.
Incomplete information: Market participants may not have complete information about the external costs associated with a good or service. Without proper knowledge of the negative effects, consumers may not accurately value the true cost of the product, leading to overconsumption.
Short-term focus: Markets often prioritize short-term gains and individual profits over long-term social and environmental costs. This bias can lead to the overproduction of goods that generate negative externalities in the long run.
Voting as a means for residents to express their preferences for government spending can lead to a situation where many residents are unhappy with the level of goods and services provided due to several factors:
Diverse preferences: Residents within a state or locality often have diverse preferences and priorities when it comes to public goods and services. It is challenging for the government to satisfy the preferences of all residents simultaneously, resulting in dissatisfaction among some individuals or groups.
Limited resources: Governments have limited resources to allocate across different public goods and services. Trade-offs need to be made, and it is difficult to meet the demands of all residents fully. The allocation of resources may not align with the preferences of specific groups, leading to dissatisfaction.
Political influence: Some groups or individuals
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A consumer is making saving plans for this year and next. She knows her real income after taxes will be $50,000 in both years. Any part of her income saved this year will earn a real interest rate of 10% between this year and next year. Currently, the consumer has no wealth (no money in the bank or other financial assets, and no debts). There is no uncertainty about the future.
1. Formally derive the consumer’s intertemporal budget constraint. 2.
Using the given numerical values rewrite and graph the budget line.
3. Find the consumer’s PVLR.
The consumer wants to save an amount this year that will allow her to a) make college tuition payments next year equal to $16,800 in real terms; b) enjoy exactly the same amount of consumption this year and next year, not counting tuition payments as part of next year’s consumption; and c) have neither assets nor debts at the end of next year.
1. In the context of the model, describe the household optimization problem. Explain the trade-offs the consumer faces.
2. Determine numerically based on the instructions above: How much should the consumer save this year? How much should she consume?
3. Now, assume that her current income rises from $50,000 to $54,200 while the other variables are held at their original values. How are the amounts that the consumer should save and consume affected?
The following are the solutions to the given problem:1. The intertemporal budget constraint for the consumer can be expressed as follows:
[tex]C1 + C2/(1+r) = Y1 + Y2/(1+r)[/tex]
Where, C1 is the consumer’s consumption in year one, C2 is the consumer’s consumption in year two, r is the real interest rate at which savings grow between year one and year two, Y1 is the consumer’s income in year one, and Y2 is the consumer’s income in year two.
Numerically, the budget constraint can be expressed as follows:
[tex]C1 + C2/1.10 = $50,000 + $50,000/1.10We know that C1 = C2 - $16,800Therefore, C2 - $16,800 + C2/1.10 = $50,000 + $50,000/1.10Solving this equation gives C1 = $20,000, and C2 = $20,000 + $16,800 = $36,800.[/tex]
Graphically, the intertemporal budget constraint is represented by a line that is downward sloping and has a slope of -1.10.
The vertical axis measures consumption in year one, and the horizontal axis measures consumption in year two. The line passes through the point ($50,000, $50,000) and ($36,800, $50,000).3. The consumer’s present value of lifetime resources (PVLR) is given by the sum of the present value of her current and future income streams.
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If one of Mary’s twins was born on December 31, 2019 and the other twin was born on January 1, 2020, on her 2019 US tax return, she can only claim one child tax credit for her twin born in 2019.
True
False
False. Mary can claim the child tax credit for both of her twins, even though they were born in different tax years. The birth dates of the twins do not affect her eligibility to claim the child tax credit for each child, as long as they meet the necessary criteria established by the IRS .
Mary can claim a child tax credit for both of her twins, even though they were born in different tax years (2019 and 2020). The child tax credit is generally available for qualifying children who meet the eligibility criteria, regardless of their birth date within the tax year.
To claim the child tax credit, Mary must meet certain requirements, such as the child being under the age of 17, the child being her dependent, and meeting the income threshold. As long as both twins meet the eligibility criteria, Mary can claim the child tax credit for each of them on her respective tax returns.
The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) determines eligibility for the child tax credit based on the child's relationship to the taxpayer, age, residency, support, and other factors. The birth dates of the twins do not disqualify Mary from claiming the child tax credit for both of them.
It's important to note that tax laws and regulations can change over time, so it's always advisable to consult the most recent tax guidelines or seek advice from a tax professional to ensure accurate and up-to-date information regarding tax credits and eligibility.
Mary can claim the child tax credit for both of her twins, even though they were born in different tax years. . The birth dates of the twins do not affect her eligibility to claim the child tax credit for each child, as long as they meet the necessary criteria established by the IRS . It is recommended to consult the current tax laws or seek guidance from a tax professional for specific information regarding tax credits and eligibility.
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Which company is acting unethically toward its employees? Shell Corporation offers a higher health benefits package to its full-time employees. Bennet Trucking requires its employees to work 24 hrs in all weather conditions. Chemical Corp does not allow employees to smoke on their premises. Media entertainment pays their part-time employees exactly the minimum wage.
Based on the given information, it can be argued that Bennet Trucking is acting unethically toward its employees. Requiring employees to work 24 hours in all weather conditions can be seen as a violation of labor rights and potentially compromising their health and well-being.
Shell Corporation offering a higher health benefits package to its full-time employees is not necessarily unethical. Providing better benefits to full-time employees is a common practice and can be considered a way to attract and retain skilled workers.
Chemical Corp's policy of not allowing employees to smoke on their premises is not inherently unethical. It can be seen as a measure to promote a healthy work environment and protect the well-being of employees.
Media Entertainment paying their part-time employees exactly the minimum wage is not necessarily unethical, as long as they comply with minimum wage laws and regulations. However, it can be argued that paying only the minimum wage may not provide a sufficient income for employees to meet their basic needs.
Based on the information provided, Bennet Trucking is the company that appears to be acting unethically toward its employees.
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