Chapter 1.1 Real People: Nelson Mandela INSTRUCTIONS: Read the Real People feature from this chapter below, then answer the question that follows. Real People: Few people have had the breadth of lifetime experiences or the impact on their native country that Nelson Mandela did. Born on July 18, 1918, Mandela was the first member of his family to attend a school, eventually earning his bachelor's degree at the University of South Africa. In 1948, he began his political career by opposing the Afrikaner- dominated National Party, which supported the apartheid policy of racial segregation. It was a decision that changed his life. Mandela was initially dedicated to nonviolent opposition and was influenced by Mahatma Gandhi, who had begun his efforts at social activism in South Africa years earlier. However, after Mandela's arrest for treason in 1956 and his subsequent five-year trial (he was acquitted), he changed his view about nonviolent opposition. The Sharpeville Massacre in 1960, in which 69 peaceful protesters were killed by South African police, convinced him that armed struggle was now necessary to overthrow the apartheid government. So in 1961, he formed the armed wing of the African National Congress and began a guerrilla campaign of sabotage against military and government targets. Mandela was arrested again in 1962. This time he was convicted of sabotage and treason and sentenced to life imprisonment. He remained in jail until February 11, 1990, when he was released by President F. W. de Klerk. During a speech immediately after his release, Mandela said that his main focus was to bring peace to the black majority and give them the right to vote in both national and local elections. Between 1990 and 1994, he negotiated the first multiracial elections in South Africa's history. Mandela was elected president and served from 1994 to 1999. He helped the country move from white minority apartheid rule to a multiracial model of government built on reconciliation. His support of the Springboks rugby team that won the 1996 world title was especially important and was the subject of the 2009 film Invictus. After his retirement in 1999, Mandela remained politically active. He became an advocate for human rights organizations and in the fight against AIDS. He founded three organizations: the Nelson Mandela Foundation, the Nelson Mandela Children's Fund, and the Mandela Rhodes Foundation. Nelson Mandela was a true world leader, a person who reshaped the history of his country. He showed continuity in his life through political activity, perseverance through great hardships, and finding a balance between his personal competence and the challenges he experienced during his life. At his death in 2013, he was remembered for his unique ability to keep the focus on his cause justice while moving from a very activist approach to one emphasizing healing and trust. Consider the progression of Nelson Mandela from nonviolent protester, to outspoken activist, to national healer. Which forces in the biopsychosocial framework do you think were most influential in his evolving view of justice? a. Biological and sociocultural b. Life-cycle and sociocultural c. Psychological and life-cycle d. Psychological and sociocultural X

Dominant cultural stereotypes are perpetuated by organizational or institutional structures through biased policies, practices, and norms that favor the dominant group.

This perpetuation affects an individual's ability to develop awareness about prejudice by reinforcing and normalizing stereotypes, creating barriers to challenging the status quo, and limiting exposure to diverse perspectives.

Organizational or institutional structures play a significant role in perpetuating dominant cultural stereotypes. These structures often reflect the values and beliefs of the dominant group in society, leading to biased policies, practices, and norms that reinforce stereotypes.

For example, hiring practices that prioritize certain qualifications or cultural fit based on dominant group norms can exclude individuals from marginalized groups and perpetuate stereotypes about their abilities or suitability for certain roles.

The perpetuation of dominant cultural stereotypes hinders an individual's ability to develop awareness about prejudice.

When organizational or institutional structures reinforce and normalize stereotypes, individuals may internalize these beliefs, making it challenging to recognize and challenge their own biases.

Moreover, the normalization of stereotypes creates a social environment where individuals may face resistance or backlash when they attempt to challenge or question prevailing stereotypes.

Additionally, the perpetuation of dominant cultural stereotypes can limit an individual's exposure to diverse perspectives and experiences. When organizational or institutional structures predominantly feature the perspectives.

This lack of exposure can contribute to a lack of awareness about the experiences and struggles of marginalized groups, making it more difficult to recognize and address prejudice.

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The drowned man holds significant symbolism and meaning. He represents death, reminding the characters of their mortality and the transient nature of life. The image serves as a reminder of guilt and the consequences of the characters' actions.

The drowned man in the novel The Secret History by Donna Tartt holds significant symbolism and meaning for Richard and the overall narrative.

1. Symbol of death: The drowned man represents death and mortality throughout the novel. Richard contemplates the man's tragic fate, emphasizing the fleeting nature of life and the certainty of death. The presence of the drowned man serves as a reminder to the characters that life is transient and death is an unavoidable reality.

2. Reminder of Richard's mortality: As a character fascinated by ancient Greek philosophy and the classics, Richard sees parallels between himself and the drowned man. The image of the lifeless body on the shore prompts Richard to confront his own mortality and contemplate his place in the world. This realization sparks introspection and a deeper understanding of his own existence.

3. Representation of guilt and consequences: The group of students, including Richard, commits a murder in the story. The drowned man symbolizes the weight of guilt they bear for their crime. While the characters attempt to suppress their guilt and move forward, the sight of the drowned man serves as a constant reminder of the consequences of their actions and the moral burden they carry.

4. Catalyst for character development: The presence of the drowned man acts as a catalyst for Richard's personal growth throughout the novel. Witnessing the drowned man and reflecting on his fate prompts Richard to question his own choices and the path he has taken. This realization serves as a turning point for his character, leading to introspection, growth, and ultimately, his departure from the group.

In The Secret History, the drowned man holds significant symbolism and meaning. He represents death, reminding the characters of their mortality and the transient nature of life. The image serves as a reminder of guilt and the consequences of the characters' actions, influencing their emotional and moral journeys. Additionally, the drowned man acts as a catalyst for Richard's character development, sparking introspection and leading to personal growth. The presence of the drowned man contributes to the exploration of themes and adds depth to the narrative of the novel.

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The relationship between job performance and motivation is best illustrated by the formula: Performance = (Motivation * Ability) – Situational Constraints. Job performance is how well an employee can meet the goals of the organization. Motivation is a key factor in job performance.

The motivation of an employee is dependent on the individual and their environment, including the nature of their job, the culture of the organization, their experience, and the incentives provided to them. The equation for job performance is a good way to understand the relationship between motivation and job performance.

This equation is: Performance = (Motivation * Ability) – Situational Constraints. In this formula, job performance is dependent on three things: motivation, ability, and situational constraints. The result of this is then subtracted by the situational constraints, which are the barriers that are preventing the employee from performing their job well.

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Environmental citizenship requires individuals to respect, protect, and preserve the environment, whereas the history of environmental trends has moved towards sustainability. Personal practices that conserve energy and water help in reducing the ecological footprint, which measures the human impact on the environment.

1. Environmental citizenship Environmental citizenship is the obligation of each individual to respect, protect, and preserve the environment. Its roles and responsibilities can be seen in many aspects such as saving water and energy, reducing waste, recycling, using public transport, and educating others on environmental issues.

2. History of environmental trendsThe history of environmental trends dates back to pre-industrial times, where humans lived in harmony with the environment. But with industrialization, the world witnessed severe environmental degradation leading to environmental movements and legislations.

Currently, the trend is towards the use of sustainable resources and renewable energy sources for the betterment of the environment.

3. Relationships between poverty, education, health and environmental sustainabilityThe relationship between poverty, education, health and environmental sustainability is interlinked. Poverty often leads to the overuse of resources to meet the basic needs of survival, leading to environmental degradation.

Lack of education often leads to environmental ignorance, leading to unsustainable practices. Poor health and poor environmental conditions are also interrelated. To achieve environmental sustainability, all of these factors need to be addressed.

4. Personal practices impacting the global ecosystemIndividual practices such as using sustainable modes of transport, reducing waste, conserving water and energy, and adopting eco-friendly habits can reduce our impact on the global ecosystem. The global ecosystem can reciprocally impact humans through environmental degradation, climate change, and natural disasters.

5. Ecological footprint The ecological footprint is the measure of human impact on the environment. It measures the consumption of natural resources and the production of waste and pollution. Ways to reduce our ecological footprint include using renewable energy sources, reducing carbon footprint, conserving water, using public transport, and adopting eco-friendly habits.

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The Nature vs Nurture debate centers around the role of genetics and environmental factors in human development. Nature emphasizes the influence of inherited biological factors, while Nurture argues that experience and exposure shape development.

Nature:

1. Inherited Factors: Nature proposes that an individual's development is primarily determined by their genetics and biological makeup. Hereditary traits and genetic predispositions influence physical and behavioral characteristics.

2. Predetermination: According to the Nature perspective, an individual's developmental trajectory is established at the time of conception, suggesting that their potential and predispositions are largely predetermined.

Nurture:

1. Experience and Exposure: Nurture emphasizes the role of environmental factors, experiences, and learning in shaping an individual's personality, behavior, and characteristics. The environment in which a person grows and the experiences they encounter significantly contribute to their development.

2. Environmental Influence: Nurture argues that individuals are not solely products of their genetics but are shaped by their surroundings, including family, culture, society, and education.

Stage Theories and Cultural Influences:

1. Developmental Stages: Stage theories propose that individuals progress through predictable stages of development. However, it is important to recognize that the specific experiences and contexts within each culture and society can influence the timing and manifestation of these stages.

2. Cultural Differences: Cultural, social, and environmental factors impact the variations observed in children's development across different cultures and societies. Development is not universal but reflects the unique generational differences and societal norms.

Sensitive Periods and Transitive Development:

1. Sensitive Periods: Certain periods in prenatal development require specific experiences for optimal growth. If these experiences are missed during sensitive periods, the development may be compromised. Sensitive periods highlight the significance of timing and environmental influences on development.

2. Language and Attachment: While some developmental processes, such as language acquisition and attachment formation, are more easily facilitated in early childhood, they are not strictly limited to that period. They can continue to develop and be influenced by experiences throughout life.

The Nature vs Nurture debate addresses the contrasting influences of genetics and environmental factors in human development. While Nature emphasizes inherited biological factors, Nurture highlights the impact of experience and exposure. Additionally, stage theories recognize the importance of cultural influences, and the concept of sensitive periods emphasizes the role of timing and specific experiences. Understanding these contrasting influences provides a more comprehensive perspective on human development and the complexity of factors that contribute to individual differences.

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The most popular players based on the given responses would be Bethany and Kim.

To determine the most popular players, we can examine the responses and the frequency with which each player is selected as a preferred roommate. According to the given responses, both Bethany and Kim are selected by multiple players.

Mary and Beth both select Bethany and Kim as their preferred roommates, while Athisa selects Mary and Kim. Bethany selects Kim and Athisa, and Kim selects Athisa and Bethany. Since Bethany and Kim are both selected by multiple players, they can be considered the most popular players within the team based on these preferences.

In the sociogram, Bethany and Kim would be placed towards the center as they are chosen most frequently, indicating their popularity within the team. The arrows connecting the players would show the direction of choice, with arrows pointing from one player to another indicating the selection made.

For example, an arrow pointing from Beth to Kim would indicate that Beth selected Kim as her preferred roommate. When two players select each other, arrows go in both directions. The sociogram would visually represent the connections and preferences among the players, providing a visual representation of their choices and the relationships within the team.

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The idea that personality traits get encoded in human language as adjectives is called The Lexical Hypothesis. The correct option is B.

The lexical hypothesis is the idea that the most important personality traits are reflected in the language that individuals use to describe others and themselves. The assumption is that if a trait is important in people's lives, it will eventually become a part of their language and, as a result, will be represented by a variety of words. The Lexical Hypothesis is one of the oldest ideas in personality research, and it was first suggested by Gordon Allport.

Allport's lexical hypothesis is based on the idea that if something is important in human life, people will have a word for it. The lexical hypothesis assumes that the words that people use to describe each other reveal the important dimensions of personality, and that these dimensions are stable across cultures, making them an appropriate foundation for a comprehensive theory of personality.

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c. Most studies suggest that a child's temperament has a greater impact than parenting style on the quality of attachment.

Explanation:

Numerous studies in developmental psychology indicate that a child's temperament has a stronger influence on the quality of attachment than parenting style. Here is a step-by-step explanation:

Attachment: Attachment refers to the emotional bond between a child and their primary caregiver, which plays a crucial role in their socioemotional development.

Parenting style: Parenting style refers to the approach and behaviors of parents in raising and interacting with their children. It encompasses factors such as warmth, responsiveness, discipline, and control.

Child's temperament: Temperament refers to the innate characteristics and behavioral tendencies that are relatively stable across situations and time. It includes aspects such as activity level, adaptability, sensitivity, and sociability.

Impact on attachment: Research suggests that while parenting style can influence certain aspects of attachment, such as the quality of interaction and emotional responsiveness, a child's temperament has a greater impact on the formation and quality of attachment relationships.

Individual differences: Each child has a unique temperament, which interacts with their caregiving environment to shape the attachment relationship. A child with a difficult temperament may require different parenting strategies than a child with an easy temperament to develop a secure attachment.

Based on the available evidence, option c is the most accurate statement, reflecting the general consensus that a child's temperament has a greater impact on the quality of attachment than parenting style.

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Retrieval cues are stimuli or pieces of information that help in the retrieval of memories. They can be external, such as sights, sounds, or smells, or internal, such as thoughts or associations.

One time, I needed to call a friend, but I couldn't recall their phone number. However, as I thought about it, I remembered that their number had a similar pattern to the street number of my childhood home. The retrieval cue of the familiar address triggered the memory of the phone number, allowing me to recall it.

In this example, the retrieval cue was the similarity between the phone number and the childhood home address. Retrieval cues are stimuli or pieces of information that help in the retrieval of memories. They can be external, such as sights, sounds, or smells, or internal, such as thoughts or associations. In this case, the retrieval cue was a connection between the phone number and a familiar address, which served as a mental trigger to access the memory of the phone number.

Retrieval cues work by activating specific pathways or associations in the brain that are linked to the target memory. These cues can enhance memory recall by providing contextual information or triggering related associations. In the example, the retrieval cue of the familiar address activated the relevant associations in my memory, allowing me to retrieve the phone number.

This experience highlights the importance of retrieval cues in memory recall. By understanding the effective use of retrieval cues, individuals can improve their memory performance and enhance their ability to remember important information.

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The Covid-19 pandemic acted as a catalyst for a rapid digital transformation across industries.

Governments implemented restrictions and encouraged remote work, leading businesses and schools to adopt technology and collaboration platforms to continue their operations remotely. This shift towards digital operations served both customer-facing and internal functions within organizations.

From a customer-facing perspective, the pandemic created a demand for contactless services, pushing businesses to explore remote or limited-contact operations. Companies had to find innovative ways to engage with customers, deliver services, and meet their needs without physical interaction. This led to the adoption of digital solutions such as online ordering, virtual consultations, and contactless delivery.

Internally, organizations had to adapt to remote work and remote collaboration. The inability to gather in person necessitated the use of video conferencing, collaboration tools, and project management software to ensure seamless communication and collaboration among team members. This shift demonstrated the potential for remote work and highlighted the benefits of flexibility, efficiency, and reduced costs associated with digital operations.

The impact of these changes has been significant, driving a digital transformation that has reshaped the way businesses operate. Going forward, organizations are likely to continue embracing digital solutions and remote work practices even beyond the pandemic.

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Answer:

The correct answer is:

a. becomes law

Explanation:

If the president does not sign a bill within ten days (and Congress is still in session), the bill automatically becomes law. This process is known as a "pocket veto." The president's signature is not required for the bill to take effect if the president does not take any action within the ten-day period while Congress is in session.

If the president does not sign a bill within ten days (and congress is still in session), the bill **becomes law**.

The Constitution of the United States grants the president the power to sign or veto bills passed by Congress. However, if the president chooses not to sign a bill within ten days and Congress is still in session, the bill automatically becomes law without the president's signature. This is known as a "pocket veto." It is important to note that if the president does not sign a bill within ten days but Congress adjourns before the end of the ten-day period, the bill does not become law. This is referred to as a "pocket veto" and the bill does not have the force of law.

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A typically developing student may be resistant to being friends with a student with a disability for several reasons. One of the primary reasons is the lack of exposure to individuals with disabilities.

Students with disabilities are often separated from their peers in special education classrooms, which makes it difficult for typically developing students to form relationships with them. Additionally, stereotypes and stigma surrounding disability can cause students to believe that individuals with disabilities are different and may require special treatment, which can be intimidating for typically developing students. By providing education and fostering a sense of community, schools can help break down barriers and promote social integration for all students.

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For the assignment on treatments of psychological disorders, I have selected social anxiety disorder (SAD) as the psychological problem and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) as the suggested therapy.

Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is characterized by intense fear and anxiety in social situations, leading to avoidance and impairment in various areas of life. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is widely recognized as the best technique for treating SAD. CBT combines cognitive restructuring, which addresses negative thought patterns and beliefs, with behavioral techniques like exposure therapy to gradually confront feared social situations.

CBT is considered the best technique for SAD due to its evidence-based effectiveness. Numerous studies have shown CBT to be highly effective in reducing social anxiety symptoms and improving overall functioning. It targets the underlying cognitive distortions and maladaptive behaviors that maintain social anxiety, providing individuals with tools to challenge negative thoughts, manage physical symptoms, and engage in adaptive behaviors.

Positive aspects of CBT include its structured and goal-oriented approach. It provides individuals with specific techniques and strategies to address their social anxiety, fostering a sense of empowerment and control. CBT also has long-term effectiveness, with research indicating sustained improvements even after treatment completion.

However, there are some drawbacks to consider. CBT requires active participation and engagement from the individual, which may be challenging for those with severe social anxiety or low motivation. Additionally, the generalization of skills learned in therapy to real-life social situations can be difficult. The fear and avoidance associated with social anxiety may hinder individuals' ability to fully apply the learned techniques outside of the therapy setting.

In conclusion, CBT is considered the best technique for treating social anxiety disorder (SAD) due to its evidence-based effectiveness and focus on cognitive restructuring and behavioral change. While CBT offers positive aspects such as a structured approach and long-term effectiveness, there are potential drawbacks related to active participation and generalization of skills. These factors should be considered when implementing CBT as a treatment for SAD, and individualized considerations should be made to optimize its effectiveness for each person.

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The Japanese Buddhist school that promotes "gradual enlightenment" through the practice of "just sitting" (zazen) is Chan/Zen. Option e is correct.

Zen is a Japanese word that is derived from the Chinese term Ch'an , which is in turn derived from the Sanskrit term Dhyana. Zen emphasizes the need for discipline, meditation, and insight to achieve a direct understanding of Buddha's teachings, which is referred to as Satori or enlightenment. The Zen tradition believes that meditation is the most effective way to attain Buddhahood. The primary meditation method used in the Zen tradition is zazen, also known as "just sitting," which involves seated meditation and mindfulness of breathing.

Zen Buddhism arrived in Japan in the twelfth century, with the arrival of Myoan Eisai, a Buddhist monk from China. Eisai was a follower of the Rinzai school of Chan Buddhism, which emphasizes koans or paradoxical questions as a means of meditation. Zen was later divided into two schools in Japan, the Soto school, which emphasizes shikantaza, or "just sitting," and the Rinzai school, which emphasizes the use of koans in meditation. Option e is correct.

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Answer:

The introduction of the article discusses the attentional and inhibitory control components of working memory and their importance in problem solving and learning. It cites several studies that have shown individual differences in working memory capacity predict differences in more complex cognitive tasks and academic achievement. While working memory capacity was previously thought to be a stable individual trait, recent evidence suggests that it can be improved through adaptive training. The article hypothesizes that such improvement in working memory capacity can lead to significant benefits for intellectual and academic functioning, especially for students with poor WM functions. The background literature review includes citations to several studies that support the importance of working memory capacity in various domains, including fluid intelligence, problem solving, and academic achievement, and the article proposes a research hypothesis that improving working memory should lead to broad cognitive and academic benefits.

Explanation:

According to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), the most common disorder in the United States is major depressive disorder.

Major depressive disorder, also known as clinical depression, is a mood disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a loss of interest in activities. The NIMH has reported that major depressive disorder is the most prevalent mental disorder in the United States. It affects millions of adults, adolescents, and children each year.

While other disorders such as obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, and schizophrenia are also significant mental health conditions, major depressive disorder stands out as the most common in terms of prevalence. It can have a profound impact on individuals' daily functioning, relationships, and overall well-being. The NIMH findings highlight the importance of recognizing and addressing major depressive disorder as a significant public health concern. It underscores the need for effective prevention, diagnosis, and treatment strategies to support individuals affected by this prevalent disorder.

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Environmental stewardship is a moral obligation to preserve the environment for future generations, emphasizing intergenerational equity and sustainability, but opinions may vary based on values and priorities.

While there are compelling arguments supporting environmental stewardship for the sake of future generations, opinions may vary based on different values, priorities, and understanding of the consequences of environmental degradation.

The belief in a moral obligation to preserve the environment for future generations stems from the recognition that our actions today can have long-term consequences for the well-being of future societies and the planet.

Advocates argue that we have a responsibility to act as stewards of the Earth, ensuring its sustainability and protecting natural resources for the benefit of future generations.

They emphasize intergenerational equity, the idea that present generations should not compromise the ability of future generations to meet their needs.

However, the perspective on this moral obligation can differ among individuals. Some may prioritize short-term gains or have different value systems that do not place a high emphasis on environmental preservation.

Additionally, differing views on the urgency or severity of environmental issues can influence one's sense of obligation. Those who are skeptical about the impact of human activities on the environment or who prioritize other pressing societal concerns may not perceive the same moral duty to environmental preservation.

Ultimately, whether people believe in a moral obligation to preserve the environment for future generations depends on their personal values, ethical frameworks, and the weight they assign to considerations of intergenerational justice and environmental sustainability.

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Maintenance can be classified into four categories: corrective maintenance, preventive maintenance, predictive maintenance, and proactive maintenance.

Corrective Maintenance: This type of maintenance is performed after a failure or breakdown has occurred. It aims to restore equipment or systems to their normal operating condition. Corrective maintenance is reactive and is often carried out on an as-needed basis.

Preventive Maintenance: This category involves scheduled inspections, cleaning, adjustments, and replacements to prevent failures and prolong the lifespan of equipment. Preventive maintenance aims to identify and address potential issues before they lead to breakdowns or performance deterioration.

Predictive Maintenance: Predictive maintenance uses advanced techniques and technologies to monitor equipment and systems in real-time. It collects data and analyzes trends to predict when maintenance is required. By identifying early signs of potential failures or performance degradation, predictive maintenance allows for proactive intervention and reduces unplanned downtime.

Proactive Maintenance: Proactive maintenance focuses on identifying and addressing underlying issues that can lead to failures or reduced performance. It involves continuous improvement efforts, such as root cause analysis and equipment optimization, to enhance reliability and efficiency. Proactive maintenance aims to prevent problems from occurring and improve overall system performance.

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Factors that contribute to the decline of social movements include changes in public opinion and factors such as broad or unrealistic goals.

The March for Our Lives, Black Lives Matter, and the Tea Party are examples of social movements, and their status as social movements depends on various factors. The catalyst for the development of March for Our Lives was the mass shooting at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School, and one of its main goals is advocating for gun control and promoting safer schools.

In addition to changes in public opinion, other factors that contribute to the decline of social movements include internal divisions revolutionary and conflicts, lack of effective leadership or organization, and repression or resistance from those in power. These factors can undermine the unity, momentum, and public support necessary for sustained social change.

The March for Our Lives, Black Lives Matter, and the Tea Party are all examples of social movements. However, whether they become enduring and influential social movements depends on various factors such as the ability to mobilize and sustain collective action, achieve concrete policy changes or societal transformations, and maintain public engagement and support over time.

The catalyst for the development of the March for Our Lives was the tragic mass shooting at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida, in 2018. The movement emerged as a response to the shooting and aimed to address issues of gun violence and advocate for stricter gun control measures. One of the main goals of the March for Our Lives is to promote legislative and cultural changes that prioritize the safety of students and communities, while also amplifying the voices and experiences of young people affected by gun violence.

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In the first question, the specific fallacy being committed is a red herring. In the second question, the specific fallacy being committed is ad hominem.

In the first scenario, the daughter expresses her disappointment about not being selected for the debate team, and instead of addressing her concerns directly, the mother shifts the focus to a completely unrelated topic.

By introducing the issue of starving children, the mother attempts to distract from the daughter's disappointment by comparing it to a much more significant problem. This is a diversionary tactic that avoids addressing the daughter's feelings and concerns.

In the second scenario, rather than engaging with the Surgeon General's claims about nutrition directly, the argument attacks the person making the claims by pointing out his weight. The implication is that being overweight undermines the Surgeon General's credibility or expertise on the subject.

However, the personal characteristics or circumstances of an individual do not necessarily invalidate the validity of their arguments or the accuracy of their claims. The focus should be on evaluating the evidence and reasoning presented, rather than attacking the person making the argument.

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1. The author made use of the concept of constellations in order to establish the relationship between the concepts of queer identity and urban space, to create an alliance of queer feminist resilience and resistance. In the production of queer urban spaces, the author emphasizes the role of the constellation, which refers to the network of social relationships between queer people, in creating a place for queer people to live. This network of relationships is made up of different types of spaces, including physical spaces such as clubs, bars, and cafes, as well as non-physical spaces such as online communities and social networks.

2. According to Gieseking and her interlocutors, queering space refers to the process of making space more inclusive and welcoming for people who do not identify as heterosexual or cisgender. This is a political act because it challenges the dominant discourse of heteronormativity that defines mainstream culture, which is exclusionary and marginalizes those who do not conform to it.

3. Queer time is a concept that describes the experience of time by people who do not conform to heteronormative standards. According to Gieseking and her interlocutors, queer time shapes the experience of spaces by trans and gender non-conforming people and lesbian or queer women. Queer time is not linear or predictable, but rather it is made up of different rhythms and intensities that reflect the diversity of queer identities and experiences.

4. In Gieseking's work, the concept of the "star" refers to the central figure in a constellation of relationships. A star is a person who has the power to bring together a network of relationships and create a sense of community. This is significant to her argument because it emphasizes the importance of social relationships in creating a sense of belonging and resilience in the face of marginalization.

5. Women of color and trans and gender non-conforming people face unique challenges in navigating urban spaces, which can be shaped by racism and other forms of discrimination. This can affect their mental maps of queer mobility and spaces in different ways than it does for others. For example, they may feel more vulnerable and less safe in certain spaces, or they may have different needs and priorities when it comes to creating a sense of community and belonging.

6. Cruising refers to the practice of seeking sexual encounters in public spaces, while U-Haul refers to the practice of quickly moving in with a partner. These terms are significant because they reflect the diversity of queer experiences and relationships, and challenge the dominant discourse of heteronormativity that defines relationships as monogamous and static.

7. This question is subjective and depends on the individual's personal experience and perspective. An answer will vary from person to person.

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Participating in organized sports can have both positive and negative aspects for children and adolescents.

Here are some potential pros and cons:

Pros:

1. Physical Health: Organized sports provide opportunities for regular physical activity, promoting fitness, strength, and overall health.

2. Skill Development: Sports can help children and adolescents develop motor skills, coordination, agility, and sports-specific abilities.

3. Teamwork and Social Skills: Being part of a sports team can foster teamwork, cooperation, communication, and social interaction, teaching valuable interpersonal skills.

4. Discipline and Time Management: Sports require commitment, regular practice, and adherence to schedules, helping young individuals develop discipline and time management skills.

5. Goal Setting and Achievement: Setting goals in sports and working towards them can instill a sense of purpose, motivation, and accomplishment.

Cons:

1. Risk of Injuries: Sports carry the risk of injuries, including sprains, fractures, concussions, or overuse injuries, which can have short-term and long-term consequences.

2. Pressure and Burnout: Intense competition and pressure to perform can lead to stress, anxiety, and burnout, particularly if young individuals face excessive expectations from parents, coaches, or themselves.

3. Time Commitment: Participating in organized sports often requires a significant time commitment, which can impact schoolwork, family time, and other activities.

4. Financial Costs: Some sports involve expenses related to equipment, registration fees, travel, and specialized coaching, which may pose a financial burden for families.

5. Exclusivity and Emphasis on Winning: In some cases, the emphasis on winning and selection processes may create exclusionary environments, where certain individuals may feel left out or undervalued.

It's important to note that the impact of organized sports on children and adolescents can vary depending on individual circumstances, including personal preferences, abilities, and support systems. The balance between the pros and cons should be carefully considered, taking into account the specific needs and well-being of each young individual.

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Iconoclasm refers to the destruction of religious symbols, monuments, or images. It is an attempt to break the power of a religion by removing its visible and tangible representations.

Now let's see how the symbolism in the painting by Holbein, The French Ambassadors (18-9) speaks to iconoclasm. The French Ambassadors (18-9) painting by Holbein is an example of Memento mori. In the painting, there is an example of anamorphosis of a skull in the foreground.

The skull is placed at the bottom of the painting and is barely noticeable at first glance. The iconoclasm is evident in the symbolism of the painting. It was a reminder of the transience of life and the fleeting nature of material possessions, and how they could not be taken to the afterlife.

By introducing the Memento mori into the painting, Holbein is warning his viewers of their eventual death. This is a clear indication of Iconoclasm and also an example of how Holbein used symbolism to convey Iconoclasm in the painting.

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The chart illustrates that there is a significant difference between the number of white arrests and the number of black and Hispanic arrests for marijuana. Michel Foucault's theory can be used to explain this discrepancy.
According to him, the criminal justice system is designed to maintain social order by classifying people based on their perceived threat to society. Foucault contends that the criminal justice system is often used to punish and control the poor, as well as racial and ethnic minorities who are perceived as a threat to society. This is because, according to him, the system is set up to enforce the power of the dominant class by controlling and disciplining those who are perceived as a threat.

As a result of this, Foucault would explain the higher rates of Stop-and-Frisk altercations in New York City as being driven by a need to control and discipline the poor, as well as racial and ethnic minorities who are perceived as a threat to society. He would argue that the system is set up in such a way that it promotes the power of the dominant class by targeting those who are perceived as a threat.

Therefore, Michel Foucault's theory would explain the discrepancy between white arrests and black and Hispanic arrests for marijuana as a result of the criminal justice system's bias against racial and ethnic minorities, who are seen as a threat to society. It would also explain the higher rates of Stop-and-Frisk altercations in New York City as a result of a need to control and discipline the poor and minorities who are seen as a threat to society.

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Women's roles in society have been determined by social norms and cultural practices and are not based on any inherent characteristics of their gender.

(a) Social construction

Social construction refers to the concept that meaning, reality, and existence are produced and reproduced through social interaction. The construct of reality is contingent upon social context and subjectivity. Social constructionists believe that social interaction and dialogue shape an individual's interpretation of the world.

Social construction is a social mechanism or methodology that develops the reality of a situation and subjectivity to social groups through cultural or social practice. Thus, it is not something that exists in the natural world but is instead a product of the social context in which it is found.

Social construction is an idea that is used to describe the way in which meaning, reality, and existence are produced and reproduced through social interaction. The concept suggests that reality is subject to social context and subjectivity and that social interaction and dialogue influence how individuals perceive and understand the world.

Social construction is a social mechanism or methodology that shapes the reality of a situation and is subject to social groups through cultural or social practice.

(b) Women's so-called 'natural' work

Women's so-called 'natural' work is socially constructed, as gender roles and societal expectations have evolved and continue to evolve.

Women have historically been viewed as having particular abilities, such as nurturing, caring, and homemaking, which were considered 'natural' for them to perform.

However, this notion is not based on biological fact but is rather a product of social interaction and dialogue. These roles have been imposed on women by social norms and cultural practices and are not inherent to their gender.

Women's 'natural' work is a socially constructed concept that has evolved over time as a result of gender roles and societal expectations. Women have been traditionally associated with specific abilities such as nurturing, caring, and homemaking, which were deemed 'natural' for them to perform.

This idea, however, is not supported by biology but is instead a product of social interaction and dialogue. Women's roles in society have been determined by social norms and cultural practices and are not based on any inherent characteristics of their gender.

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Sport can be seen as an integral part of the "good life," representing values such as physical well-being, competition, teamwork, personal growth, and enjoyment.

Sport encompasses various physical activities that involve skill, physical exertion, and competition. It plays a significant role in defining the concept of the "good life" for many individuals. Engaging in sports promotes physical health and well-being, as it encourages regular exercise, leading to improved fitness levels and overall quality of life. Moreover, sport fosters a competitive spirit, teaching individuals important lessons about determination, perseverance, and resilience.

Participating in sports also emphasizes the value of teamwork and cooperation. Athletes learn how to work together, communicate effectively, and support each other, developing essential interpersonal skills that can benefit them in various aspects of life. Furthermore, sport provides opportunities for personal growth and self-improvement. It challenges individuals to set goals, push their limits, and strive for continuous progress.

Additionally, sport offers enjoyment and a sense of fulfillment. It allows individuals to pursue their passions, engage essay in activities they love, and experience the joy of achievement. Whether as a participant or a spectator, sport can bring people together, create a sense of community, and enhance social connections.

Overall, sport embodies the essence of the "good life" by promoting physical well-being, instilling valuable life skills, fostering teamwork, and providing enjoyment and fulfillment.

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Mary, a reserved and shy young woman, is strongly attracted to Shane, who is very outgoing and talkative. Her attraction to Shane can be best explained by the complementary nature of their qualities. Here option B is the correct answer.

The complementary nature of their qualities is the best explanation for Mary's attraction to Shane. According to the exchange theory, people choose a partner based on a cost-benefit analysis of their own worth and what the other person can offer in exchange for a relationship or resources.

However, this theory does not apply to Mary and Shane as they have different personalities. The matching phenomenon refers to people's tendency to form long-term relationships with people who have similar levels of physical attractiveness, social status, education, and other characteristics.

Lastly, the high degree of functional distance between them is a term that is used to describe the level of separation between two people or groups, and in this case, it does not explain Mary's attraction to Shane. Therefore option B is the correct answer.

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Complete question:

Mary, a reserved and shy young woman, is strongly attracted to Shane, who is very outgoing and talkative. Mary's attraction to Shane is best explained by the exchange theory

A - the matching phenomenon the high degree of functional distance between them

B - he complementary nature of their qualities

Hip-hop serves as an appealing vessel for challenging Islamophobia due to its unique characteristics and cultural significance. Despite the difficulties faced by individuals of the Islamic faith in navigating their religion and hip-hop affiliation, they continue to engage in the culture. Hip-hop provides a platform for self-expression, empowerment, and resistance, allowing Muslims to counter stereotypes and misconceptions while promoting their own narratives and identities.

Hip-hop's appeal in challenging Islamophobia can be attributed to several factors. Firstly, hip-hop is a powerful medium for self-expression, allowing individuals to share their experiences, emotions, and perspectives. For Muslims facing Islamophobia, hip-hop becomes a creative outlet to voice their struggles, frustrations, and aspirations. Through music, lyrics, and performance, they can challenge stereotypes, debunk misconceptions, and humanize the Muslim experience.

Secondly, hip-hop has a long history of providing a platform for marginalized communities to assert their identities and fight against social injustices. The themes of resistance, activism, and social commentary embedded in hip-hop resonate with Muslims facing Islamophobia. By participating in hip-hop culture, they can join a larger movement of artists and activists who use the genre to address systemic issues, including racism, xenophobia, and religious discrimination.

Furthermore, hip-hop's global reach and multicultural nature make it an inclusive space for Muslims to engage with diverse audiences. It allows them to share their faith, culture, and experiences, fostering understanding and challenging stereotypes. The fusion of Islamic elements with hip-hop aesthetics and sounds creates a unique expression of identity that transcends boundaries and opens avenues for dialogue and appreciation.

In summary, hip-hop's appeal as a vessel for challenging Islamophobia lies in its capacity for self-expression, empowerment, and resistance. By engaging in hip-hop culture, individuals of the Islamic faith can counter stereotypes, promote their narratives, and contribute to a broader movement of social change. Despite the difficulties of navigating both their religion and hip-hop affiliation, they find hip-hop a powerful tool to challenge Islamophobia and advocate for a more inclusive society.

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